测土配方施肥的基本方法有哪些?

2025-01-23 04:58:42
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

答:基于田块的肥料配方设计,首先要确定氮、磷、钾养分的用量,然后确定相应的肥料组合,通过提供配方肥料或发放配肥通知单,推荐指导农民使用。肥料用量的确定方法,主要包括土壤与植株测试推荐施肥方法、肥料效应函数法、土壤养分丰缺指标法和养分平衡法。
(1)土壤、植株测试推荐施肥方法:该技术综合了目标产量法、养分丰缺指标法和作物营养诊断法的优点。对于大田作物,在综合考虑有机肥、作物秸秆应用和管理措施的基础上,根据氮磷钾和中微量元素养分的不同特征,采取不同的养分优化调控与管理策略。其中,氮素推荐根据土壤供氮状况和作物需氮量,进行实时动态监测和精确调控,包括基肥和追肥的调控;磷钾肥通过土壤测试和养分平衡进行监控;中微量元素采用因缺补缺的矫正施肥策略。该技术包括氮素实时监控、磷钾养分恒量监控和中微量元素养分矫正施肥技术。
(2)肥料效应函数法:根据“3414”方案田间试验结果建立当地主要作物的肥料效应函数,直接获得某一区域、某种作物的氮、磷、钾肥料的最佳施用量,为肥料配方和施肥推荐提供依据。
(3)土壤养分丰缺指标法:通过土壤养分测试结果和田间肥效试验结果,建立不同作物、不同区域的土壤养分丰缺指标,提供肥料配方。土壤养分丰缺指标田间试验也可采用“3414”部分实施方案,收获后计算产量,用缺素区产量占全肥区产量百分数,即相对产量的高低来表达土壤养分的丰缺情况。相对产量低于50%的土壤养分为极低;50%~75%的为低;75%~95%的为中;大于95%的为高,从而确定出适用于某一区域、某种作物的土壤养分丰缺指标及对应的施用肥料数量。对该区域其他田块,通过土壤养分测定,就可以了解土壤养分的丰缺状况,提出相应的推荐施肥量。
(4)养分平衡法:根据作物目标产量需肥量与土壤供肥量之差估算目标产量的施肥量,通过施肥补足土壤供应不足的那部分养分。施肥量的计算公式为:

养分平衡法涉及目标产量、作物需肥量、土壤供肥量、肥料利用率和肥料中有效养分含量五大参数。土壤供肥量即为“3414”方案中处理1的作物养分吸收量。目标产量确定后因土壤供肥量的确定方法不同,形成了地力差减法和土壤有效养分校正系数法两种。
地力差减法是根据作物目标产量与基础产量之差来计算施肥量的一种方法。其计算公式为:

基础产量即为“3414”方案中处理1的产量。
土壤有效养分校正系数法是通过测定土壤有效养分含量来计算施肥量。其计算公式为:

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