汝窑瓷器如何鉴定真假

2025-01-21 18:50:48
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

汝瓷,因产于汝州市故得名汝瓷,为国家地理标志保护产品。汝瓷创烧于北宋晚期,为宫廷御用瓷器。金灭北宋后,汝瓷也随之消亡。其开窑时间前后只有二十年,由于烧造时间短暂,传世亦不多,在南宋时,汝瓷已经非常稀有。
汝瓷是我国宋代“汝、钧、官、哥、定”五大名瓷之一,因产于汝州而得名,在中国陶瓷史上素有“汝窑为魁”之称。汝瓷始烧于唐,兴盛于北宋(公元1086-1106年的二十年间),因专为宫廷烧造御用瓷器,亦称“汝官瓷”。汝瓷制作工艺精湛,用料考究,配方独特,烧成技艺高超,由于铁还原达到了最佳效果,超越了当时所有的窑口,是中国青瓷发展史上划时代的创举。北宋后期,由于宋金战乱而失传。元以来,历代仿烧不断均难成功,所以弥足珍贵,成为稀世珍宝。汝瓷的基本鉴别方法,王掌柜从传世品分析认为,主要有以下五点特征:
一、胎色:汝瓷胎质细腻,胎土中含有微量铜,迎光照看,微见红色,胎色灰中略带着黄色,俗称“香灰胎”,多见汝州蟒川严和店、大峪东沟,汝州文庙、清凉寺等窑址;汝州张公巷汝窑器,胎呈灰白色,比其他窑口的胎色稍白,是北宋官窑的主要特征。
二、釉色:汝瓷为宫廷垄断,制器不计成本,以玛瑙入釉,釉色呈天青、粉青、天蓝色较多,也有豆绿、青绿、月白、桔皮纹等釉色,釉面滋润柔和,纯净如玉,有明显酥油感觉,釉稍透亮,多呈乳浊或结晶状。用放大镜观察,可见到釉下寥若晨星的稀疏气泡,釉面抚之如绢,温润古朴,光亮莹润,釉如堆脂,素静典雅、色泽滋润纯正、纹片晶莹多变为主要特征。视之如碧峰翠色,有似玉非玉之美。釉中多布红晕,有的如晨日出海,有的似夕阳晚霞,有的似雨过天晴,有的如长虹悬空,世称“天青为贵,粉青为尚,天蓝弥足珍贵。”汝州张公巷汝瓷,釉呈天青、粉青,釉色滋润,手感如玉。有青如天、面如玉、晨星稀的典型特征。

三、支钉:宋代宫廷用汝窑器物一般均采用满釉支烧,为了避免窑炉内杂质的污染,需用匣钵装好,并将器物用垫圈和支钉垫起,防止与匣钵粘连。高濂的《遵生八笺》说汝窑“底有芝麻细小挣针”。在器物底部可见细如芝麻状的支钉痕三、五、七个,六个支钉的很少,痕迹很浅,大小如粟米。张公巷的器物呈圆形支钉。蟒川严和店、大峪东沟一带汝窑器多无支钉痕,个别碗、套盒、凹足钵、洗、器盖等用垫饼支烧工艺。
四、器型:汝窑器有瓶、尊、盏托、碗、盘、洗、奁、水仙盆等日用器,少数还有堆花、印花等装饰,底部更有青花年号款,多是用刀笔刻画,和印花、模印等工艺。如:天青花草纹鹅颈瓶、粉青履莲盏托、天青莲花瓣深腹盂、天青牡丹花龙纹钵、莲花纹钵、辐射纹荷叶器座、辐射纹敛口花钵(藏河南),暗花双鱼瓷盘(藏英国)。另外,在传世品的个别器物上还出现有文字。如:“奉华”二字多见于尊、瓶、碟之上。“蔡丙”、“宁”则是见于小碟与洗上。文字虽不是装饰,但仍提高了对器物的鉴赏意趣,其中“奉华”应是宋奉华宫的专用物。器形又分裹足、平底、三足、凹足、葵口、窄板沿和宽板沿诸种。盘分有裹足、凹足、平底、直口和荷花口数种。还有三足洗、弦纹尊(奁)、套盒、尊、方壶、圆壶等,还有为数不多的莲花器座、荷叶器座、镂孔器、鸟、龙等瓷塑工艺品。也用花、鸟、虫、鱼装饰来满足皇亲贵族们的闲情逸趣。
五、开片纹:汝瓷开片堪称一绝,开片的形成,开始时是器物于高温焙烧下产生的一种釉表缺陷,行话叫“崩釉”。汝窑的艺术匠师将这种难以控制的、千变万化的釉病,通过人为地操作转换为一种自然美妙的装饰,而且控制的恰到好处,可谓巧夺天工的绝活。釉面开片较细密,多呈斜裂开片,深浅相互交织叠错,象是银光闪闪的片片鱼鳞,或呈蝉翼纹状,给人以排列有序的层次感。釉中细小沙眼呈鱼子纹、芝麻花和蟹爪纹。并有典型的桔皮釉、冰片釉、茶叶沫,部分柳条纹状的开片是因手拉坯辘轳旋转时,使泥料分子排列结构朝一定方向而形成的现象。

希望对你有所帮助,望采纳,谢谢

回答2:



我这个呢?

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