推荐回答(1个)
(1)半成苗的夏季修剪
定植后立即剪砧,嫁接芽成活生长后,对砧木上萌发的芽抹去,以防砧芽影响接芽的生长。接芽长到20~30厘米时,在树干旁立杆敷苗,使芽萌发的中心新梢垂直向上生长(图50)。
图50定植后剪砧、抹芽(同图41)、缚苗
待新梢长到40~50厘米时,对中心新梢进行摘心定干(摘去8~10厘米),促发副梢(图51)。
图51主干形芽苗摘心定干
副梢发生后,使中心副梢直立生长,其余副梢长度达15厘米时用手轻轻将副梢折压平即折梢,使副梢与中心副梢成90°角;当副梢长到30厘米以上时,对斜生和直立副梢进行扭梢和拉枝,以控制副梢过粗、过旺地生长,保证中心梢的顶端优势和加粗生长,疏去减弱主干生长的徒长副梢和过多副梢,副梢基部间距为12~15厘米(图52)。
图52副梢压平
副梢在7月下旬前不摘心,让其延长生长,在7月下旬后轻摘心,以使新梢停长,促进花芽形成。冬季修剪与成苗修剪相似。
(2)成苗的夏季修剪
成苗定植后,距地面60厘米处剪截定干(留5~7个饱满芽)。萌芽后将主干上距地面30厘米以下的芽抹掉(图53)。
图53成苗定干(同图40)、抹芽
待树干上的新梢生长到25~40厘米时,使中心梢直立生长,其余新梢进行扭梢和拉枝,使新梢与中心干成80°~90°的角度。对过旺、过粗的新梢采用扭、拉、细铁丝绞缢等方法,控制其过旺、过粗生长,每隔10~15厘米,使新梢从下向上按顺序轮生排列,疏去过旺枝、过密重叠枝;使新梢均匀分布,主干上应着生方位不同的8~10个生长较好的新梢(图54)。
图54新梢在中心干上的着生状态
(3)成苗冬季修剪
对没有形成花芽的发育枝或只在顶部形成2~4个花芽的结果枝,一般留2个芽短截,以便中心干加粗生长,使翌年萌发的新梢不易过旺;已形成良好花芽的结果枝,按中、长果枝8~10节花芽,徒长性果枝10~12节花芽剪留。疏去徒长枝、纤弱枝、病虫枝,使果枝枝头距离保持在20~25厘米的范围内。对于粗度超过中心干1/2以上的结果枝,剪去1~2个,以保持中心干的生长优势;中心干延长枝的剪留长度为全长的2/3左右。
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