食草动物是怎样辨别有毒植物?
很多植物是有毒的,食草动物是怎样辨别它们的?
推荐回答(2个)
生物通快讯:犹他州大学和国家卫生中心的研究人员报道说,是“自然选择”留存了人类一种与能否辨别合成PTC苦味有关的遗传变异。苯氨基硫脲(Phenylthiocarbamide,PTC)在自然中并不存在,但是否能辨别它的味道却与辨别其它自然界存在的苦味物质(尤其是毒素)的能力密切相关。恒古以前,由于部分植物为防御食草动物伤害而产生有苦味的毒素,辨别苦味的能力就已经发展成为一种进化机制以避免早期人类不会吃到有毒植物。“我们在分子水平上发现了证据,证明自然选择保留了与能否辨别PTC苦味有关的基因变异,”本研究的通讯作者、犹他州大学医学院Eccles人类基因研究中心的遗传学家Stephen Wooding博士说。 今天,能否辨别这种化合物的能力影响到人们吃什么,甚至是他们是否会吸烟。根据Wooding的研究,能尝出PTC味道的人不大喜欢吃十字花科蔬菜,例如椰菜。因为这些蔬菜含有重要的营养物质,所以不吃它们将成为一个问题。如果这种辨别苦味的能力致使能尝出PTC的人不吃椰菜,这种能力也可能会阻止他们吸烟。“在吸烟者中,似乎都是不能辨别出PTC的人,”Wooding说。“因此,能辨别PTC的人吸烟的可能性较小。”研究人员将他们的发现发表在American Journal of Human Genetics上。 千百年来一直发生着遗传漂移(genetic drift)。在这一过程中,基因的频率和遗传特征在一定人群中随机变化。在这种推测之下,每个人都可能尝出PTC或不能辨别PTC。但是,在世界范围内能辨别PTC者与不能辨别的比率一直保持在大约75/25。人类能否辨别PTC的差别在1930年就已经发现了。一位叫做Arthur Fox的美国化学家意外地在实验室泄漏了一定量的PTC,并注意到一些人能够辨别它而另一些人则不能。据Wooding说,自那以后就怀疑存在有与这种品尝PTC能力有关的等位基因。去年,国立健康研究院(National Institute of Health)和犹他州大学的研究人员发现了PTC基因并且发现它有两种主要的等位基因。一种等位基因编码结合PTC的受体,而与它有三个氨基酸差别的另一个等位基因则编码可能与不同苦味化合物结合的受体。通过比较成千上万个基因,研究人员发现出现这种差别的等位基因是罕见的,存在两种等位基因可以解释为进化压力的结果。每个人都携带两个拷贝的与辨别PTC有关的基因,就是说一个人可能携带两个PTC基因,或者两个不能辨别PTC的基因,或者一样一个。“我们推测携带一样一个的人能尝出更广范围的有毒的、苦味的化合物并且有一定的进化优势,”Wooding说。PTC基因只是24种辨别苦味的基因中的一个。Wooding和其他人期望研究其它的基因,从而进一步了解基因与吸烟和饮食的关系。“我想知道哪些基因对吸烟的倾向影响最大,”Wooding说
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