推荐回答(3个)
现场心肺复苏术主要分为三个步骤:打开气道,人工呼吸和胸外心脏按压。
一般称为ABC步骤。
A:患者的意识判断和打开气道。
B:人工呼吸。
C:人工循环。
【具体步骤】
步骤一:意识判断和打开气道。
(1)意识判断:当发现一个到底的患者,首先必须判断其是否失去知觉。
有以下几种方法:喊话并排其肩膀;呼救(请现场的人或附近的人协助抢救,打120急救电话或通知就近的医疗单位);患者体位(当患者呈俯卧状态时,应先将患者双手上举,再将外侧(远离抢救者侧)下肢膝盖弯曲后驾在内侧(靠近抢救者侧)肢体上,然后一手护着患者的颈部,另一只手置于患者的胸部,小心、平稳、慢慢地将患者转为仰卧位,并将其双上肢放在躯干两旁;另一个方法是先将患者内侧下肢交叉在外侧肢体上,再将外侧上肢抬肩伸直靠于头侧,一手绕过患者内侧的上肢托肩,另一手置于患者髋关节处,将其整个地翻为仰卧位,并将其双上肢放在躯干两旁。
(2)打开气道:患者心跳呼吸停止、意识丧失后,全身肌肉松弛,口腔内的舌肌也松弛,舌根后坠而堵塞呼吸道,造成呼吸阻塞。在进行口对口吹气前,必须打开气道,保持气道通畅。
打开气道的方法有:
仰头抬颌法;操作者站或跪在患者一侧,一手置患者前额上稍用力后压,另一手用食指置于患者下颌下沿处,将颌部向上向前抬起,使患者的口腔、咽喉轴呈直线。再通过看(胸廓有无起伏)、听(有无气流呼出的声音)、感觉(面部感觉有无气流呼出)三种方法检查出患者是否有自主呼吸。如无呼吸应该立即进行口对口吹气。
步骤二:人工呼吸
口对口吹气是向患者提供空气的有效方法。操作者置于患者前额的手在不移动的情况下,用拇指和食指捏紧患者的鼻孔,以免吹入的气体外溢,深吸一口气,尽力张嘴并紧贴患者的嘴,形成不透气的密封状态,以中等力量,1~1.5秒的速度向患者口中吹入约为800毫升的空气,吹至患者胸廓上升。吹气后操作者即抬头侧离一边,捏鼻的手同时松开,以利于患者呼气。如此以12分/分钟的频率反复进行,直到患者有自主呼吸为止。
步骤三:人工循环
人工循环是通过胸外心脏按压形成胸腔内外压差,维持血液循环动力,并将人工呼吸后带有氧气的血液供给脑部及心脏以维持生命。方法如下:
(1)判断患者有无脉搏。操作者跪于患者一侧,一手置于患者前额使头部保持后仰位,另一手以食指和中指尖置于喉结上,然后滑向颈肌(胸锁乳突肌)旁的凹陷处,触摸颈动脉。如果没有搏动,表示心脏已经停止跳动,应立即进行胸外心脏按压。
(2)胸外心脏按压。
第一步:确定正确的胸外心脏按压位置。先找到肋弓下缘,用一只手的食指和中指沿肋骨下缘向上摸至两侧肋缘于胸骨连接处的切痕迹,以食指和中指放于该切迹上,将另一只手的掌根部放于横指旁,再将第一只手叠放在另一只手的手背上,两手手指交叉扣起,手指离开胸壁。
第二步:施行按压。操作者前倾上身,双肩位于患者胸部上方正中位置,双臂与患者的胸骨垂直,利用上半身的体重和肩臂力量,垂直向下按压胸骨,使胸骨下陷4-5厘米,按压和放松的力量和时间必须均匀、有规律,不能猛压、猛松。放松时掌根不要离开按压处。按压的频率为80-100次/分钟,按压与人工呼吸的次数比率为:单人复苏15:2,双人复苏5:1.。
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