三棱锥的外接圆半径怎么求

2025-01-23 13:47:59
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

过顶点向底面作垂线,由勾股定理求高。
如果过顶点向底面作垂线,垂足不易确定时,就建立空间直角坐标系,用向量的方法求解。
有很多特殊方法,如等体积,补体等,对于一个一般的三棱锥,用不了特殊的方法时,就得先作出高。
你可以举一个具体的例子。
一般的三棱锥……如果只知道棱长和一些角,要想找高,我没思路。你拿出一道题来,我再想想看,空说没用。
你把所有棱长都给了,那么不管多么一般的三棱锥,都可以直接使用公式。
下面给出三棱锥的外接球半径公式和一种体积公式。
若四面体ABCD的体积为V,其三对对棱的长分别为a1,a;b1,b;c1,c,其外接球半径为R,则
R=Q/(6V),
Q为以三对对棱乘积为边的三角形面积,即
Q=[根号下(aa1+bb1+cc1)(bb1+cc1-aa1)(cc1+aa1-bb1)(aa1+bb1-cc1)]/4。
若记P1,P2,P3分别为四面体相对两棱(互为异面的两条棱)的积的平方,再乘以另外四条棱的平方和与这对棱的平方和的差所得的积;P为四面体每个面上三条棱的积的平方和。则四面体的体积V为
V=(根号下P1+P2+P3-P)/12。
根据V=Sh/3,可由体积和底面面积算出底面上的高。
正规考试有这么考的吗?你给出的这题有很多棱长都相等,我可以找出的,但如果给出更一般些的棱长,我就很可能找不出了。
现在你认真画出一个三棱锥。
取AB的中点E,连结EP,EC,则AB⊥EP,AB⊥EC(等腰三角形性质),则AB⊥面PEC。过P向EC作垂线,垂足为H,则PH⊥EC,因为AB⊥PH(线面垂直的性质),所以PH⊥底面ABC,高找到,勾股定理可求。
四面体的外接球球心即四面体的外心到各顶点的距离相等,是各棱中垂面的交点。显然,PEC是AB的中垂面,同理,取F为PC的中点,则ABF是PC的中垂面,故EF是它们的交线,外心就在交线EF上。EF上的点现已满足到P,C和A,B的距离分别相等,只要在其上找到一点O,使它到点B,C的距离相等即可。注意到三角形OBE和OCF都是直角三角形,且BE=AB/2=PC/2=CF,欲使OB=OC,必有OE=OF,即O为EF中点,外心找到。外接球半径即可由勾股定理求出。

回答2:

这需要知道三棱锥的特征,例如“三个侧棱两两垂直的三棱锥”,那么其外接球的直径的平方就是三个侧棱长的平方和。

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