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佛手,又名九爪木、五指橘、佛手柑。芸香科、 柑桔属常绿小乔木或灌木。它的外形长的很像佛手。为芸香科常绿小乔木。主产于闽粤、川、江浙等省的佛手,其中浙江金华佛手最为著名。
栽培佛手施肥应根据树龄大小、生长好差而定。一般头3年在3~8月每月宜施一次速效有机肥;进入盛果期后一年可追肥3次,分别在花前、幼果期和采果后及时施入麸饼、堆肥、人畜粪尿并加入磷钾肥或复合肥,尤其要注意施好冬肥。佛手在未进入结果期应施好攻梢肥:即在发春梢、夏梢、 秋梢前10天施一次速效化肥及农家肥,一般每株施尿素约30g,磷肥100g与5kg鸡牛粪拌匀后,结合中耕除草,开挖宽30cm,深25cm的环状沟施下,覆土盖严。9月份后不能施肥,防止晚秋梢徒长。佛手种后第二年就可进入结果期,可连续收果30年左右。每年应施肥四次,第一次花前肥,宜在3月中旬施下,每株施腐熟人粪尿5kg;第二次在开花盛期,需肥量较大,每株施腐熟鸡牛粪5kg、尿素150g;第三次在“小暑”前后施壮果肥,重施磷钾肥,以促进果实的膨大提高产量,每株施复合肥1公斤与腐熟鸡牛粪5kg混合施下,同时用100g磷酸二氢钾兑水50kg喷施一次叶面肥,对促进树势旺盛及果实膨大十分有利。第四次施采果肥;9~10月份采果后,在植株的两边沿树冠滴水线开挖宽40cm,深40cm的对称沟,每株施腐熟鸡牛粪10kg,复合肥1kg与混合后回坑。整地定植扦插苗或嫁接苗培育一年后,幼苗高达50cm时,春秋两季都可定植,以2月份气温开始转暖,新芽即将萌发时较好。一般熟地,先理好四周排水沟,按株行距各约3m挖窝,若利用田边地角栽种可稍密,窝径50cm左右,深30cm,窝内泥土要细,最好用三角形排列。每窝栽苗一株,必须栽正,须根向四面伸展,用细土壅根,向上轻提数次,使根与土壤紧接,再覆盖细土踩实,最後覆土稍高於地面。田间管理栽後每年中耕除草、追肥3次。第一次春肥在现蕾以前,第二次春肥在夏至前後,肥料一般以人畜粪水和菜饼为主,在第二次追肥时,有的地区用250g尿素加500g过磷酸钙混合加水100倍,用喷雾器进行一次根外追肥,促进树势旺盛及果实肥大。第三次冬肥在10~11月佛手采完後,重施较浓肥料,以菜饼、牛马粪、过磷酸钙堆沤之後施用最好。主产区群众经验,佛手冬肥最关键,冬眠可使佛手越冬期不掉叶子,次年春即开始开花。若冬肥不足,越冬期叶子掉了,次年春才开始和或者、开花,夏季果实不多,影响产量。根据佛手的根多横向生长,其侧根和主根入土浅的特点,中耕不宜深挖,以免伤根.冬季应进行覆土雍兜一次。佛手开花期,可将多余花和雄花打下去,每一短枝只留1~2朵。或待结出幼果时,再摘去更为保险。清园:冬季清除落叶、残枝。生长期随着摘除严重的病叶,集中深埋或烧毁,以免病菌的再次侵染。开沟排水:地栽佛手园四周开深沟、降低地下水位,保持适宜的土壤湿度,增强土壤的通透性。施肥:肥料是培养健壮树座的基础。秋后要施足基肥,亩施有机肥2500~3000kg,追肥要适当控制氮肥,增施钾磷肥和微肥。保叶保果:叶面喷氮、磷、钾肥及微肥和绿芬威,始花期和盛花期喷施硼砂,提高叶片的寿命和光合能力,促进枝条成熟和养份积累,增强植株抗性,增加产量。盆栽佛手为枸橼的变种,属柑橘类的观果花卉。佛手不开花或只开花不结果,结果后又坐不住果的现象相当普遍笔者现将养护管理实践中的 5项关键措施介绍如下。
促进幼苗营养生长,使其早日成株。第二、三年春天换盆时施饼肥、蹄片、骨粉做基肥,同时进行一次整形修剪,将主干剪留 15cm,下面留3~5个腋芽,促其萌发壮枝,扩大树冠。当新稍长至5~8cm时摘心,去顶芽和侧芽,以育成一定的树形,并促进其提前进入结果期。
佛手喜酸性土壤,PH值应保持在5.3为宜;盆土的配比为腐殖土60%,河沙30%,泥炭土或炉灰渣10%。可每十天半月追施1次稀薄的肥水。水大易烂根,应采取试墒浇水的办法,盆土表层不干不浇,一次浇透,全年如此。
佛手最适宜的湿度是70%~90%。为此在干燥季节应每天向叶面喷水1~2次,也可向地面洒水增加空气湿度。佛手的适生温度是15~30℃,高温季节要移至凉爽通风而又遮阴的地方,气温低于5℃时须防寒
佛手不易坐果,要用各种办法促其坐果。在孕蕾期、开花前和开花后,都要追施有机肥,每周还要施一次稀薄的有机液肥。然后进行疏蕾,畸形蕾、病弱蕾都要掰掉,不能留蕾过多,只能留靠近枝条顶部长势最好的两三个蕾,不能要求坐果过多。
佛手容易出现黄叶病和叶片脱落现象,发生黄叶病可浇灌1%的硫酸亚铁溶液。如烂根要立即翻盆,把植株从盆中脱出冲洗根部,去掉烂根,消毒后栽于消过毒的素沙土中进行养护,使其逐渐恢复生机。
修剪整形为保证佛手高产和稳定, 必须做好树形树势的调整及花、果枝条的合理修剪。当年栽当年开花结果的不宜让其开花,要及早摘去花芽,以促使树形的粗生长和扩冠生长。进入花果盛期的树体一般在3月萌芽和秋冬果实采收后进行修剪。调控花果时应注意摘除早花(即春末初夏开的花,因此时开的花多数为雄花不能结果),对雌花期枝条上萌生的多余腋芽也须抹摘以减少养分消耗,改善生长条件,达到减少落花、多结果的高产目的。佛手粗生快长分枝多,必须每年进行合理修剪整形,使树势旺盛,促进结果枝分布均匀。在采果后及3月萌芽前进行修剪整形,剪去交叉枝、衰弱枝、病虫枝和枯枝,徒长枝。佛手的短枝大多为结果母枝,应尽量保留,凡夏季生长的夏梢除个别为扩大树冠需要外,应全部剪去。保果除草惊蛰(3月6日)前后开始开花,一序花选留2~3朵健壮的雌花,其余摘掉。在保果技术上,一般要求一枝留1~2个果为佳,多了要摘除。进入结果期用手拔除植株周围的杂草,不要用锄头锄,以免伤根。佛手种后5年 每年要培土1次,在剪枝清园后进行,培土后盖一层薄草于树盘。
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