推荐回答(1个)
汝窑,中国古代著名瓷窑,创烧于北宋晚期,其窑址在汝州境内,(今河南宝丰清凉寺)是宋代五大名窑之首。北宋被官府选为宫廷烧御用瓷器。汝窑以烧制青瓷闻名,有天青、豆青、粉青诸品。汝窑的青瓷,釉中含有玛瑙,色泽青翠华滋,釉汁肥润莹亮,被历代称颂。汝窑开窑时间前后只有二十年,由于烧造时间短暂,传世亦不多,在南宋时,汝窑瓷器已经非常稀有。流传到至今的真品,已知的仅65件,其中台北故宫21件,北京故宫17件,上海博物馆8件,英国戴维中国艺术基金会(Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art)7件,其它的散藏于美、日等博物馆和私人收藏约10件,全世界收藏有汝窑瓷器的博物馆不到十家。故汝窑在拍卖行的拍卖会上经常以天价成交。
宋汝窑天青釉圆洗
高3.3cm,口径13cm,足径8.9cm。
洗敞口,浅弧壁,圈足微外撇。胎呈香灰色。通体施淡天青色釉,釉色莹润。釉面开细碎片纹。外底有三个细小如芝麻粒状的支烧钉痕,并有镌刻的“乙”字。
器物外底所刻“乙”字,一般认为是此洗入藏清代宫廷后所刻。精于鉴古的乾隆皇帝曾将自己所喜爱的古董划分等级,一些器物上留下了当时镌刻的“甲”、“乙”、“丙”、“丁”等标志。在故宫博物院所藏宋代汝窑瓷器上,还有镌刻“蔡”、“寿成殿皇后阁”等铭文的,一般认为是宋代所刻。“蔡”字当与宋徽宗的宠臣蔡京有关,“寿成殿皇后阁”是宋代宫殿名。
文献记载汝窑用玛瑙作釉的原料,其实玛瑙的主要成分是二氧化硅,而釉的主要成分也是二氧化硅。因此,玛瑙的加入对釉的性质不会产生多大影响,只能说明烧造宫廷用瓷之不惜工本。“冰裂纹”、“香灰色胎”、“芝麻挣钉”是鉴别真假汝窑瓷器的重要依据。
汝窑作为宋瓷艺术的代表,古今中外赞不绝耳。关于其造型简约,釉色玉润,胎质香灰等艺术特色、工艺要求等,已有众多研究成果涌现。
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