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襄樊民俗 人生礼仪习俗
中国 | 湖北 | 襄樊市 | 2005-01-07 15:41:06.0【文章字体:大 中 小】
婚 嫁
婚嫁是家族延续的重要环节,古人十分重视,礼仪甚繁,有纳彩、问名、纳吉、纳徵、请期迎亲6礼。襄樊旧时婚嫁逐渐演化为订亲、择期、迎亲几个步骤。
订 亲
首先,男方父母请红爷(媒人)到女家求婚。若女方父母同意,则由红爷将女方的“八字庚贴”(即写明女方出生年、月、日、时的柬贴)交付男方。俗称“拿八字”,也叫“传庚”。男方父母择吉日请信任的算命先生将男女二人的八字进行推算,叫做“合八字”。若二人命里相犯相克,则婚议作罢;若相合相生,则可订亲。整个订亲过程由父母作主,青年男女不得过问。俗谚称“父母之命、媒妁之言”。
择 期
订亲之后,男女每年给女方送一次礼物,叫“填庚”。到适当时候,男方请红爷到女方协商迎亲日期,女方则提出聘礼规格要求,红爷往来奔走,双方同意后即下聘礼,确定迎娶日期,一般订在黄道吉日,或阴历双日子。襄樊人喜爱选择初八、十八、二十八几天,叫做“要得发,不离八”。
迎 亲
民间也叫“过期”。迎亲前一日设宴待客,男方称“暖郎酒”,女方叫“梳头酒”。迎娶之日,新郎衣冠齐楚,披红挂彩,坐轿或骑马,领着花轿迎亲。一路上鞭炮锣鼓声不断。至女家,祭拜女方祖先。新娘戴凤冠,顶头盖,红袄罗裙,拜别祖先后上花轿,由兄弟或侄辈男丁相送,叫做“发亲”。然后,新郎轿(马)前导,新娘花轿及嫁妆后随,锣鼓鞭炮迎至男家。落轿后,由牵亲娘子搀扶新娘下轿升堂,和新郎拜天地、拜高堂、入洞房喝交怀酒。当天“闹房”,客人、表兄弟和伯叔都可参加,谓“三天无大小”。其间大宴宾客,谓“喝喜酒”。凡送礼亲友都在宴请之列。娘家送亲的必坐首席、上席,吃完酒席当即回家。第三天,新娘的兄弟或侄辈来迎新婚夫妇至娘家,谓“回门”。酒饭后即返回男家,谓“三天不空房”。在整个迎亲过程中,还有许多琐碎的象征性研究。如洞房床上撒放花生、板栗、红枣,即“早立子”(枣栗子)和生花胎(交替生儿生女)的吉兆。把新郎新娘的鞋套在一起,象征二人偕同到老,等等。
建国后
国家颁布《婚姻法》,封建包办婚姻制度被废除,旧的婚礼仪式也随之改变,男女自由恋爱,登记结婚。婚礼多选择在国家法定或民间传统节日举行。50-70年代以简朴为荣。女方不要彩礼,男方不计嫁妆,步行或骑自行车迎亲,礼仪大方朴素。国家公职人员结婚,一般在机关内举行典礼仪式,以喜糖烟茶待客。民间虽宴请亲友,但也较简朴。80年代,人们生活水平普遍提高,某些人家为婚嫁购置高档家具、家用电器、以小轿车迎亲,并连日大宴宾客,往往使双方家庭多年积蓄为之一空,也有些青年和家长崇尚节俭,不摆阔气,不受礼,不请客,让新婚夫妇参加有关部门举办的集体婚礼,在热烈而朴素典礼仪式之后,新婚夫妇共植同心树,这既象征爱情天长地久,也为绿化环境作了贡献,受到社会广泛的赞扬而逐渐形成新的风气。
旧时,男子失偶再娶,礼仪与初婚相同,谓“续弦”。女子一般不再嫁,再嫁曰“再醮”,俗称“再走一家”。再嫁无仪式举行,男方着人迎至家中即可。建国后寡妇再嫁得到社会肯定和法律保护。
寿 诞
庆祝生辰,俗称“过生”或“做生”。儿童生日吃长寿面,穿新衣,长辈赠送玩具、文具或吃食。老人50岁、60岁、70岁生日较为隆重,多由晚辈操持,亲友祝贺,送寿联、寿匾或其他礼物,主人置酒款待。
丧 葬
旧时兴土葬,对棺木(也称寿木)特别讲究,多用杉、柏、楸等上等优质木材制作,内装裱,外雕镂,反复油漆。人死后,洗身、穿寿衣、放入棺内,名曰“入殓”。灵柩放入灵堂“停灵”,夜间由死者亲人陪伴,停灵3天。然后由孝子孝孙送至墓地掩埋。
建国后
上述丧礼中属封建迷信的活动渐废除。70年代中期提倡火葬。国家公职人员及大部分市民,遇丧事只设灵堂,置花圈、挽联,开追悼会,家属亲友佩黑纱于左臂寄托哀思,礼仪肃穆庄严。近年来,少数地方在民间丧仪中有些旧俗又有所抬头。
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