推荐回答(3个)
积分区域是半球形,积分函数也是球形,一般的思路就是积分函数换元,用球面坐标系去做。(重积分无外乎就那几种方法,1常见的重积分化成累次积分,直接求解;2柱面坐标求解,3球面坐标求解,4根据重积分的物理意义,用物理的视角来化简和求解)。这道题建议你用重积分的物理含义来做。如果从物理角度来看的话,容易知道这个三重积分表示的就是半径为6的半球体的质量(刚才没注意积分函数最后一个区域是0---6,因为如果是0-6,这就是一个半球体,如果是-6 ----+6,这就是一个完整球体)。也就是说,我们怎样去求解一个球体的质量?而密度函数就是被积函数,很显然,当质点处在一个球面上时,密度是相同的,也就是说,如果我们用球壳去分割球体,球壳的厚度为dr,dr---0,这样就可以用微元法来求解了。
球体分割成无数个球壳,对球壳的质量进行一元积分,就得到球体的质量,也就是待求的三重积分的值。
球壳的质量dm=4πr*r/r *dr/2=2πrdr
然后对dm进行积分,积分区间就是r的变化范围【0,6】。所以答案就是πr*r|(0,6)=36π
至于用球面坐标,其实就是换元法,如楼下朋友所示,x,y,z分别用r,a,b来进行替代(a,b表示的是r同z轴以及r在xoy平面的投影r'与x轴的夹角),同时表达出体积元dv就可以了。楼下朋友之所以做错了,就在于dxdydz这一体积元在进行代换后,不等价于drdadb,而应该等价于r*rsinadrdadb,之后再化简成三次积分才行。并且,如果按照标准理解,这个是处于x正半轴的半球体,所以图片中的积分上下限也不对,如果要这样书写,必须要先说明一下,然后等价转换之后才可以。因为他图片中的半球是z轴正半轴的那个半球体,所以必须要说明两者是一致的,然后才能如此积分。
最后,用球面坐标的时候还得注意,由于是半球体,比如说就是z轴正半轴的那部分,那么a(r和z轴的那个夹角),是关于z轴对称的,所以他的积分区间是两个【0,π/2】,而不能简单地认为是【0,π】,也正因为如此,那么b(投影同x轴的夹角)也不能简单地认为还是【0,2π】了,而变成了【0,π】或【-π,0】,两者二选一,因为半球又被分割成了两部分
所以这些都要注意,为了避免这些变换,你可以用对称的思想,直接把半球体分割成相等的四部分,每部分的积分值都一样。这样我们在书写积分区域的时候就少了很多麻烦
解:积分域是x²+y²+z²=36的上半个球,用球坐标:
原式=【0,6】∫rdr【0,2π】∫dθ【0,π/2】∫sinφdφ=(6²/2)×2π×(-cosφ)【0,π/2】
=18×2π×1=36π
^O^11111################
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