清朝的钱币有几种?

2025-01-23 03:08:18
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

清朝钱币的特征

努尔哈赤是明末我国东北的少数民族--女真族的杰出首领。1616年他建立金国,史称后金,与明政权抗衡。1636年,努尔哈赤的儿子皇太极在沈阳称帝,改国号为清。清灭明,建立了清朝。
  清代币制是银钱平行末位,大数用钱,但白银的地位更加重要。清代的铜钱在最初的二百多年中,都是承袭两千多年来的方孔圆钱,用范模铸币。到了清末,才采取了机器铸币,铸造新式铜钱和铜元。

  满洲人在入关以前就开始铸币了。努尔哈赤天命元年铸天命汉钱,满文,四字,没有加圈点;天命通宝是铸的汉文。太宗天聪元年铸天聪江钱,背面穿左右满文十字,穿右有满文一两字样。顺治元年铸顺治通宝。顺治钱有五种;光背、背面有一个汉字、一厘钱、背面有两个满字、满汉文钱。康熙年间铸康熙通宝仿顺治五式满汉文钱,后铸造小钱。雍正以后,制钱都仿顺治钱五式,除正面的年号外,背面都是两个满文字。宝福局所铸的钱,局名有时也用汉字。乾隆年间铸乾隆通宝,乾隆通宝红钱中,还有库车地名的,分普通和当十两种,当十的背面穿孔的上下有"当十"两个汉字。乾隆钱的成色先后不同,各地也不同。乾隆五年以前,铸钱不加锡,称为黄钱,加锡后叫做青钱。嘉庆道光钱名有十九种,计泉、源、直、晋、苏、昌、福、浙、武、南、陕、川、广、桂、云等,钱背为宝东,满文即用康熙钱的东字。咸丰时铸局大增,咸丰钱也特别多,特别复杂。在计值方面,咸丰钱可以分为十五级,从一文到当钱,钱上有铸局名称,所以各局所铸,文字不同,而且福建所铸,除了计值上,还有计重若干的文字。凡是背部文字多的清代钱都要注意收集,说不定就是珍品。同治年间的当十钱较多,小制钱在咸丰就已停止铸造,而当十以上的大钱,因民间不用而停铸。光绪年间铸造当十钱光绪重宝,光绪通宝小制钱,现在所见小钱较多。宣统年正式用旧法铸钱的。大概有宝泉局,另外有宝广和宝福两种机器钱,以及一种有圆孔的大清钱币。光绪时广东的机器铸币最为通行。广东铸的机器钱,有制钱、当五、当十,当五、当十是样钱。制钱中又有大小两种。大制钱又有两种,一种背面穿左为一满文"广"字,穿右为一汉文"广"字,穿上横写"库平"二字,穿下有"一钱"两个字。另一种是顺治第五式,即背面有满文"宝广"二字。光绪二十六年,广东开始铸造铜元,正面为"光绪元宝"四个字,中间没有方孔,而有"宝广"两个满字,下面靠近外部有"广东省造,每百枚换一圆"字样,背面是蟠龙花纹,下面近处廓有英文字样。后改每百枚换一圆的字样为"每元当制钱十文"。清代钱币仍多为伪品出现。

  太平天国建国多年,也铸货币发行,以铜钱为主。币面全为汉文,正面多是"太平天国"四字,前面"圣宝"两字。也有正面"太平圣宝";而背面"天国"。而且背面的"天国"两字有时分别排在穿孔的上下,有时是左右分排。也有正面"天国圣宝",背面"太平"的,种类也多,分不清哪一种是哪一省铸造的。因为币面没有铸造有省名,作价也不清楚。钱文制作有几种书体,如真书宋体等。太平天国钱币大钱、花钱的伪品尤多。太平天国的钱币流传下来的不多,因而每枚大钱都在数百或上千、上万元,自然伪品是不少的。小刀会在上海起义后也铸太平通宝钱,背有日月,象征明字,也有背面穿上有"明"字的。

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