什么是革兰氏染色法?主要步骤是?关键步骤?

2025-01-22 15:44:10
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

一、革兰氏染色法

不少于两种染料参与的染色方法称之为复染法,革兰氏染色法属于复染法类的一种染色方法。由结晶紫、碘液、番红参与,通过染料对细菌的细胞壁的着色,来区分革兰氏阴性菌与阳性菌的一种方法。

二、主要步骤及关键步骤

(1)制片。

取菌种培养物常规涂片、干燥、固定。 

要用活跃生长期的幼培养物作革兰氏染色;涂片不宜过厚,以免脱色不完全造成假阳性;火焰固定不宜过热(以玻片不烫手为宜)。 

(2)初染。

滴加结晶紫(以刚好将菌膜覆盖为宜)染色1-2min,水洗。 

(3)媒染。

用碘液冲去残水,并用碘液覆盖约1min,水洗。 

(4)脱色。

用滤纸吸去玻片上的残水,将玻片倾斜,在白色背景下,用滴管流加95%的乙醇脱色,直至流出的乙醇无紫色时,立即水洗。 

乙醇脱色是革兰氏染色操作的关键环节:脱色不足,阴性菌被误染成阳性菌;脱色过度,阳性菌被误染成阴性菌。因而脱色时间一般为20-30s。 

(5)复染。

用番红液复染约2min,水洗。 

(6)镜检。

干燥后,用油镜观察。菌体被染成蓝紫色的是革兰氏阳性菌,被染成红色的为革兰氏阴性菌。

扩展资料:

革兰氏染色的原理 

结晶紫(C25H30ClN3)当中的CL-与I-发生氧化还原反应生成不溶于水的蓝紫色复合物(C25H30lN3)。

革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁较厚且肽聚糖网层次多而交联致密,进行脱色时,因失水反而使网孔缩小,再加上结构中不含类脂,所以脱色处理不会出现缝隙,因此能把结晶紫与碘复合物牢牢留在壁内。

而革兰氏阴性菌因其细胞壁薄、外膜层类脂含量高、肽聚糖层薄且交联度差,在遇脱色剂后,以类脂为主的外膜迅速溶解,薄而松散的肽聚糖网不能阻挡结晶紫与碘复合物的溶出,因此通过脱色处理后后仍呈无色状态,再经沙黄等红色染料复染,就使革兰氏阴性菌呈红色。

参考资料来源:百度百科——革兰氏染色法

回答2:

革兰氏染色法是细菌学中广泛使用的一种鉴别染色法,1884年由丹麦医师Gram创立。未经染色之细菌,由于其与周围环境折光率差别甚小,故在显微镜下极难观察。染色后细菌与环境形成鲜明对比,可以清楚地观察到细菌的形态、排列及某些结构特征,而用以分类鉴定。革兰氏染色属复染法,即将标本固定后,先用结晶紫染色1分钟后水洗,然后加革兰碘液媒染一分钟后用酒精脱色,再用稀释石炭酸复红复染。染色后除可以看到细菌形态外,还可将细菌分为两大类,即不被酒精脱色而保留紫色者为革兰氏阳性菌(G﹢)。被酒精脱色复染成红色者为革兰氏阴性菌(Gˉ)。革兰氏染色原理尚不肯定,可能与细菌所带核糖核酸、细菌壁结构通透性、等电点等因素有关。致病菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、绿色溶血性链球菌、肺炎球菌、白喉杆菌、炭疽杆菌等属革兰氏染色阳性菌。百日咳杆菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌、痢疾杆菌、霍乱弧菌、流行性脑膜炎双球菌、淋病双球菌等均属革兰氏阴性。所以根据细菌的革兰氏染色性质,可以缩小鉴定范围,有利于进一步分离鉴定,以对疾病做出诊断。又由于各种抗生素的抗菌谱不同,革兰氏染色尚可做为选用抗生素的参考。

革兰氏染色法一般包括初染、媒染、脱色、复染等四个步骤,具体操作方法是:
1)涂片固定。
2)草酸铵结晶紫染1分钟。
3)自来水冲洗。
4)加碘液覆盖涂面染1分钟。
5)水洗,用吸水纸吸去水分。
6)加95%酒精数滴,并轻轻摇动进行脱色,30秒后水洗,吸去水分。
7)蕃红梁色液(稀)染10秒钟后,自来水冲洗。干燥,镜检。
染色的结果,革兰氏正反应菌体都呈紫色,负反应菌体都呈红色。

回答3:

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