推荐回答(4个)
英语句子成分结构详解
定语 | 状语 | 宾语 | 补语 | 同位语 | 独立成分 | 分词独立结构
一、英语语句基本结构分析:
>> 主谓宾结构:
主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come.
宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等
例:The boy needs a pen.主语the boy,谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式),宾语a pen.
>> 主系表结构:
主语:同‘主谓宾’结构。
联系动词(Link verb):be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变成,go变。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。
表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。
感官动词多可用作联系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻
例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy
>> There be 结构:
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’
试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’。
二、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 返回
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词:Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。
分词(短语)作定语:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句:
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。
三、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 返回
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\'
副词(短语)作状语:
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)
介词短语作状语:In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词(短语)作状语:
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语)
不定式作状语:
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
名词作状语:
Come this way!/走这条路!(方向状语)
状语从句:
时间状语从句
地点状语从句
原因状语从句
结果状语从句
目的状语从句
比较状语从句
让步状语从句
条件状语从句
四、直接宾语和间接宾语: 返回
>>>特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如:Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如:Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如:Bring it to me,please.
五、宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。 返回
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
六、同位语: 返回
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
七、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)。 返回
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定词yes
否定词no
称呼语:称呼人的用语。
插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等。
八、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。 返回
例:
错句:Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确:(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score . 显然做study的应是人,不应是your score(分数). 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).
分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
如:
Game (being) over,he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如:
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做,他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。(注意,此句on his nose不可省略!)
如果学英语主要用于口头交流,那就不要在意这些!
学一句是一句,留意不同情境的不同表达方式和语气语调
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