推荐回答(2个)
古巴比伦
古巴比伦(约前30世纪—前729年)位于美索不达米亚平原,大致在当今的伊拉克境内,在公元前3000年左右,这里的人们建立了国家,到公元前18世纪.这里出现了古巴比伦王国.“美索不达米亚”是古希腊语,意为“两条河中间的地方”,故又称为两河流域.两河指的是幼发拉底河和底格里斯河.先后有苏美尔、巴比伦等人建立的文明.在这个平原上发展了目前考古已知的世界上第一个城市,颂布了第一部法典,流传最早的史诗、神话、药典、农人历书等,是西方文明的摇篮.
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古埃及
距今9000多年前,人们在尼罗河河谷定居,开始在岸边建立房屋,并进行农业和畜牧业生产活动.在尼罗河上游河谷地区和尼罗河入海口三角洲地区分别形成了上埃及和下埃及两个国家,象形文字也在这个时候出现,并沿用了3500余年. 埃及尼罗河流域文明大约开始于公元前3500年左右.公元前47年,恺撒大帝进攻埃及的时候,战火波及亚历山大里亚城图书馆.数十万册以古埃及文字书写的经卷付之一炬,其中包括当时最完整的埃及史.这部史书是亚历山大大帝去世后,在埃及自立为王的希腊将军托勒密一世要求埃及的祭司兼学者马内托(Manetho)所写的.这部“埃及史”被烧毁,实为无法弥补之损失.幸而当时有些其他著作引用了一些这本书的内容,人们才能知道古埃及历史的一些片段.直到目前,埃及学者仍然沿用马内托对埃及史的划分,但对许多帝王的兴衰更替,以及确实的年代,仍有许多不清楚的地方.
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古印度
早在西元前约2500年,在现今巴基斯坦,文明即已滋生,古城哈拉巴及穆罕耶达罗的遗迹留有许多这早期文明的烙印.居民已有度量衡及文字,并挖沟渠及运河,在堡垒之下的城市是在一严谨计划下筑成的,神庙、住宅、浴室、街道,几何形的G局及卫生系统的设计排水沟、运河等.出土的遗物非常丰富,包括黄金首饰和宝石、经雕刻过的石头、青铜和土塑小雕像等.黄铜和青铜多半用于制造器具和武器.陶器通常以轮状捏制,用火烧成,并绘上几何、花卉及动物等图案.
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中国
中国文明起源于黄河流域.中原地区考古(如裴李岗遗址、贾湖遗址)发现了约7000到9000年前农耕文化遗留下来的小米、稻谷、酿酒、乐器等等.根据历史文献,经过早期的发展,至4000多年前的黄帝时代逐渐形成了华夏族,在距今约4000余年前出现中国历史上第一个世袭王朝——夏朝.之后为商、周.周分西周、东周,东周又分为春秋和战国时代.夏、商、周皆采用封建制,周朝时封建制已经非常完善,人口也以庶民为主.春秋战国时期,封建制度逐步瓦解,原来封建时代的世袭阶级逐渐被打破,取而代之的是高度统一的中央集权世袭王朝.此后各朝各代虽然中国的许多方面都不断发生着变化,但是中华文明却始终延续,所以中国是持续至今的最古老的的文明.
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