文言文中的五种句式是哪些?

麻烦把五种句式以及定义和例句都写出来,谢谢。
2025-01-24 05:31:48
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

文言固定结构常见的有表疑问的、表反问的、表测度的、表感汉的和表判断的等五种。

一、表疑问的固定结构 常见的有:奈何、若何、如何、何如、奈……何、若……何、如……何、孰与。例如:

①取吾璧,不予我城,奈何?(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)

②吾子取其麋鹿,以闲敝邑,若何?(《 之战》)

③与不 同好,如何?(《左传·齐桓公伐楚》)

④以五十步笑百步,则如何?(《孟子·梁惠王上》)

⑤以君之力,曾不能损魁父之丘,如太行王屋何?(《列子·愚公移山》)

⑥公之视廉将军孰与秦王?(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)

①句中的“奈何”,意思是“怎么办”,②---④句中的“若何”、“如何”、“何如”意为“怎么样”,⑤句中的“如……何”可解作“把……怎么样”,⑥句中的“孰与”是“与……比较,哪一个……”的意思。一般地说,“奈何”、“奈……何”、“若……何”,可解作“怎么办”、“把……怎么样”、“拿……怎么办”、“怎么”,而“若何”、“如何”、“何如”一般解作“怎样”、“怎么样”、“怎么”等,要视具体语境而定。

二.表反问的固定结构 常见的有:何……之有、何以……为、何……为、不亦……乎。例如:

⑦譬若以肉投馁虎,何功之有哉?(《信陵君窃符救赵》)

⑧君子质而已矣,何以文为?(《论语·颜渊》)

⑨如今人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉,何辞为?(《鸿门宴》)

⑩有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?(《论语·学而》)

“何……之有”可译作“有什么……”,“何功之有”即“有什么用处”,是反问句。其用法特点是:何+名词+之+有。“何以……为”、“何……为”可译作“做什么”,其中“何”是疑问代词“什么”,“为”是句末语气词,相当于“呢”。“何以文为”译为“要华美做什么呢”,“何辞为”译为“要告辞做什么呢”。“不亦……乎”译作“不是……吗”。“不亦乐乎”译作“不是很快乐吗”。

三.表测度的固定结构常 见的有:得无……乎(耶)、无乃……乎。例如:

11.览物之情,得无异乎?(《岳阳楼记》)

12.成反复自念,得无教我猎虫所耶?(《促织》)

13.师劳力竭,远主备之,无乃不可乎?(《 之战》)

“得无……乎(耶)”、“无乃……乎”均可译为“恐怕……吧”,都表示推测、估计。“得无异乎”译为“恐怕不同吧”,“得无教我猎虫所耶”译为“恐怕是教我捉虫的地方吧”,“无乃不可乎”译为“恐怕不可以吧”,只是例11、13的末句除了表测度外,还带有委婉否定的意味。

四、表感叹的固定结构 常见的有:一何、何其、何如,均解释为“多么”。例如:

14吏呼一何怒,妇啼一何苦?(《石壕吏》)

15至于誓天断发、泣下沾襟,何其衰也!(《伶官传序》)

16痛定思痛,痛何若哉!(《〈指南录〉后序》)

五.表判断的固定结构 常见的有:是之谓、此之谓。例如:

17是之谓政令行。(《荀子·王霸》)

18诗云:“殷鉴不远,在夏后氏之世。”此之谓也。(《孟子·离娄》)

17句中的“是之谓”可译作“这就叫做”,18句中的“此之谓”只能译作“就是说这个”。这两句均为判断句,不过这里的“是”或“此”在古汉语中却是前置的宾语。

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