隋朝以前的帝王一般撑谥号? 唐朝到元朝皇帝为什么只用庙号? 明清皇帝常用年号称呼?

2025-01-23 17:39:07
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

中国古代的帝王除有姓名之外,往往还有庙号、谥号、尊号和年号。这些称号多见于史书。

1. 庙号 庙号始于西汉,止于清朝,是封建皇帝死后,在太庙立室奉祀时的名号。一般开国的皇帝称祖,后继者称宗,如宋朝赵匡胤称太祖,其后的赵光义称太宗。也有个别朝代前几个皇帝皆称祖,如明朝朱元璋称太祖,其子朱棣称成祖。清朝努尔哈赤称太祖,福临(顺治)称世祖,玄烨(康熙)称圣祖。但是在隋以前,并不是每一个皇帝都有庙号,因为按照典制,只有文治武功和德行卓著者方可入庙奉祀。唐以后,每个皇帝才都有了庙号。

2. 谥号 谥号是后人根据死者生前事迹评定的一种称号,有褒贬之意。所谓“谥者,行之迹”,“是以大行受大名,细行受细名。行出于己,名生于人。”谥号有帝王之谥,由礼官议上;有臣属之谥,由朝廷赐与。还有称谥,是门徒弟子或是乡里、亲朋为其师友上的谥号。帝王将相之谥在西周时即已出现。秦时曾一度废除,汉代恢复,直至清末。私谥可能始于东汉,或谓春秋时期已有。民国以后,称谥在一段时间内仍存在。谥法有固定用字,如慈惠爱民曰文,克定祸乱曰武,主义行德曰元等,这是美谥;杀戮无辜曰厉,去礼远众曰炀,好祭鬼怪曰灵等,这是恶谥;还有表示同情的哀、愍、怀等。一般人的谥号多用两字,如岳飞谥曰武穆,海瑞谥曰忠介。

3. 尊号 尊号是为皇帝加的全由尊崇褒美之词组成的特殊称号。或生前所上,或死后追加。追加者亦可视为谥号。尊号一般认为产生于唐代。实际早在秦统一中国之初,李斯等人就曾为当时的秦王政上尊号曰“秦皇”。不过这时的尊号一词的含义与唐代以后的不甚相同。尊号开始时,字数尚少,如唐高祖李渊的尊号为“神光大圣大光孝皇帝”。越到后来,尊号越长,如清乾隆皇帝全部称号为“高宗法天隆运、至诚先觉、体元立极、敷文奋武、钦明孝慈、神圣纯皇帝”,除了庙号“高宗”二字外,其尊号竟有二十余字之多。

4. 年号 年号是中国皇帝纪年的名号,由西汉武帝首创,他的第一个年号为“建元”。以后每个朝代的每一个新君即位,必须改变年号,叫做改元。明朝以前,封建皇帝每遇军国大事或重大祥瑞灾异,常常改元。如汉帝在位五十四年,先后用了建元、元光、元朔、元狩、元鼎、元封、太初、天汉、太始、征和、后元十一个年号。唐高宗在位三十三年,先后用了永徽、显庆、龙朔、麟德、乾封、总章。咸亨、上元、仪凤、调露、永隆、开耀、永淳、弘道十四个年号。明朝自第一代皇帝朱元璋开始,包括明、清两代,每一个皇帝不论在位时间长短,只用一个年号,如明太祖只用洪武,清高宗只用乾隆。

在我国古代文献中,对前代帝王多不称姓名或尊号,都称庙号、谥号或年号。具体参见《中国古代帝王称号的演变》。

回答2:

“光武中兴”“开元盛世”和《明太祖实录》中的“光武”、“开元”、“太祖”依次分别是谥号、年号、庙号。

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