推荐回答(2个)
这个。。。。。。我们老师说:不用管的 不是现阶段知识能解决的 下面是从网上抄的:这里将列举几个基本的函数的导数以及它们的推导过程: 基本导数公式 1.y=c(c为常数) y'=0 2.y=x^n, y'=nx^(n-1) 3.(1)y=a^x ,y'=a^xlna ;(2)y=e^x y'=e^x 4.(1)y=logaX, y'=1/xlna (a>0且a不等于1,x>0) ;(2)y=lnx ,y'=1/x 5.y=sinx y'=cosx 6.y=cosx y'=-sinx 7.y=tanx y'=1/(cosx)^2 8.y=cotx y'=-1/(sinx)^2 9.y=arcsinx y'=1/√1-x^2 10.y=arccosx y'=-1/√1-x^2 11.y=arctanx y'=1/(1+x^2) 12.y=arccotx y'=-1/(1+x^2) 在推导的过程中有这几个常见的公式需要用到: 1.y=f[g(x)],y'=f'[g(x)]??g'(x)『f'[g(x)]中g(x)看作整个变量,而g'(x)中把x看作变量』 2.y=u/v,y'=(u'v-uv')/v^2 3.y=f(x)的反函数是x=g(y),则有y'=1/x' 证:1.显而易见,y=c是一条平行于x轴的直线,所以处处的切线都是平行于x的,故斜率为0。用导数的定义做也是一样的:y=c,Δy=c-c=0,limΔx→0Δy/Δx=0。 2.这个的推导暂且不证,因为如果根据导数的定义来推导的话就不能推广到n为任意实数的一般情况。在得到 y=e^x y'=e^x和y=lnx y'=1/x这两个结果后能用复合函数的求导给予证明。 3.y=a^x, Δy=a^(x+Δx)-a^x=a^x(a^Δx-1) Δy/Δx=a^x(a^Δx-1)/Δx 如果直接令Δx→0,是不能导出导函数的,必须设一个辅助的函数β=a^Δx-1通过换元进行计算。由设的辅助函数可以知道:Δx=loga(1+β)。 所以(a^Δx-1)/Δx=β/loga(1+β)=1/loga(1+β)^1/β 显然,当Δx→0时,β也是趋向于0的。而limβ→0(1+β)^1/β=e,所以limβ→01/loga(1+β)^1/β=1/logae=lna。 把这个结果代入limΔx→0Δy/Δx=limΔx→0a^x(a^Δx-1)/Δx后得到limΔx→0Δy/Δx=a^xlna。 可以知道,当a=e时有y=e^x y'=e^x。 4.y=logax Δy=loga(x+Δx)-logax=loga(x+Δx)/x=loga[(1+Δx/x)^x]/x Δy/Δx=loga[(1+Δx/x)^(x/Δx)]/x 因为当Δx→0时,Δx/x趋向于0而x/Δx趋向于∞,所以limΔx→0loga(1+Δx/x)^(x/Δx)=logae,所以有 limΔx→0Δy/Δx=logae/x。 也可以进一步用换底公式 limΔx→0Δy/Δx=logae/x=lne/(x*lna)=1/(x*lna)=(x*lna)^(-1) 可以知道,当a=e时有y=lnx y'=1/x。 这时可以进行y=x^n y'=nx^(n-1)的推导了。因为y=x^n,所以y=e^ln(x^n)=e^nlnx, 所以y'=e^nlnx??(nlnx)'=x^n??n/x=nx^(n-1)。 5.y=sinx Δy=sin(x+Δx)-sinx=2cos(x+Δx/2)sin(Δx/2) Δy/Δx=2cos(x+Δx/2)sin(Δx/2)/Δx=cos(x+Δx/2)sin(Δx/2)/(Δx/2) 所以limΔx→0Δy/Δx=limΔx→0cos(x+Δx/2)??limΔx→0sin(Δx/2)/(Δx/2)=cosx 6.类似地,可以导出y=cosx y'=-sinx。 7.y=tanx=sinx/cosx y'=[(sinx)'cosx-sinx(cosx)']/cos^2x=(cos^2x+sin^2x)/cos^2x=1/cos^2x 8.y=cotx=cosx/sinx y'=[(cosx)'sinx-cosx(sinx)']/sin^2x=-1/sin^2x 9.y=arcsinx x=siny x'=cosy y'=1/x'=1/cosy=1/√1-sin^2y=1/√1-x^2 10.y=arccosx x=cosy x'=-siny y'=1/x'=-1/siny=-1/√1-cos^2y=-1/√1-x^2 11.y=arctanx x=tany x'=1/cos^2y y'=1/x'=cos^2y=1/sec^2y=1/1+tan^2x=1/1+x^2 12.y=arccotx x=coty x'=-1/sin^2y y'=1/x'=-sin^2y=-1/csc^2y=-1/1+cot^2y=-1/1+x^2 另外在对双曲函数shx,chx,thx等以及反双曲函数arshx,archx,arthx等和其他较复杂的复合函数求导时通过查阅导数表和运用开头的公式与 4.y=u土v,y'=u'土v' 5.y=uv,y=u'v+uv' 均能较快捷地求得结果。 对于y=x^n y'=nx^(n-1) ,y=a^x y'=a^xlna 有更直接的求导方法。 y=x^n 由指数函数定义可知,y>0 等式两边取自然对数 ln y=n*ln x 等式两边对x求导,注意y是y对x的复合函数 y' * (1/y)=n*(1/x) y'=n*y/x=n* x^n / x=n * x ^ (n-1) 幂函数同理可证 导数说白了它其实就是斜率 上面说的分母趋于零,这是当然的了,但不要忘了分子也是可能趋于零的,所以两者的比就有可能是某一个数,如果分子趋于某一个数,而不是零的话,那么比值会很大,可以认为是无穷大,也就是我们所说的导数不存在. x/x,若这里让X趋于零的话,分母是趋于零了,但它们的比值是1,所以极限为1. 建议先去搞懂什么是极限.极限是一个可望不可及的概念,可以很接近它,但永远到不了那个岸. 并且要认识到导数是一个比值.
⒈y=c(c为常数) y'=0
⒉y=x^n y'=nx^(n-1)
3.y=a^x y'=a^xlna
y=e^x y'=e^x
⒋y=logax(a为底数,x为真数) y'=1/(x*lna)
y=lnx y'=1/x
⒌y=sinx y'=cosx
⒍y=cosx y'=-sinx
⒎y=tanx
⒏y=cotx y'=
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