精神心理因素对高血压的影响有哪些?

2025-01-21 18:03:58
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

由精神心理因素引起的高血压等心身疾患已是当代社会中人类普遍存在的多发病和流行病。

1.情志内伤是高血压病的危险因素:情志又称情感,它是人在接触和认识客观事物时,精神心理活动的综合反映。情志变化与血压波动息息相关。七情六欲,人皆有之,在一般情况下,属于正常的精神生理现象。因为感情的表露乃人之常情,是本能的表现,而且各种情志活动都有抒发自己感情、协调生理活动的作用。但是,当愤怒、悲伤、忧思、焦虑、恐惧等不良情绪压抑在心中而不能充分疏泄,便对健康有害,甚至会引起疾病,如血压升高、冠心病、心绞痛等。情志波动过于持久,过于剧烈,超越了常度,则将引起机体多种功能紊乱而导致高血压病的发展和加重。

高血压病病人有一定的心理特征。各种引起精神紧张的情绪因素,特别是愤怒、恐惧、焦虑均可使血压升高;而沮丧或失望时血压的变化相对较轻。焦虑时,血压升高,以收缩压为主,伴皮肤和肌肉电阻、电位值增高;愤怒和敌意时,则以舒张压升高为主,皮肤电阻和电位值也是增高的。进一步研究表明,若焦虑或愤怒情绪外露时,血内之甲肾上腺素浓度可有升高。如有敌意情绪而强制阻抑,血内去甲肾上腺素及肾上腺素水平则明显增高。因此被压抑的敌视情绪可能是导致高血压病的重要心理原因。其生理机制被认为是大脑皮质、丘脑下部和交感肾上腺系统的激活现象。开始是精神紧张状态下的阵发性血压升高,经过数月乃至数年的血压反复波动,终于形成持续性的高血压病。

因此,修身养性,调畅情志对高血压病的防治具有非常重要的意义。

2.情志变化的个体差异:人的体质有强弱之异,性格有刚柔之别,年龄有长幼之殊,性别有男女之分。因此,对同样的情志刺激,则会有不同的情绪反应。

(1)性别差异男性属阳,以气为主,性多刚悍,对外界刺激有两种倾向:一是不易引起强烈变化;二是表现为亢奋形式,多为狂喜、大怒,因气郁致病者相对少些。女性属阴,以血为先。其性多柔弱,一般比男性更易因情志为患。故《外台秘要方》有“女属阴,得气多郁”之说。女性对于情志的刺激,以忧悲、哀思致病为多见。正如《千金要方》说:“女人嗜欲多于丈夫,感病倍于男子,加以慈恋、爱憎、嫉妒、忧愤,染者坚牢、情不自抑,所以为病根深,疗之难控”。诚然,妇女的禀性未必尽如以上所说,但女性多情志为患却已被临床所证实。因此,相对来讲,女性高血压患者更易受情志的影响。

(2)体质差异体质强弱不同,对情志刺激的耐受力也有一定的差异。如《医宗必读》说:“外有危险,触之而惊,心胆强者不能为害,心胆怯者触而易惊。”《灵枢·通天》认为人们的体质有阴阳之气禀赋不同,对情志刺激反应也不同,“太阴之入,多阴无阳”,精神易抑郁;“少阴之人;多阴少阳”,心胸狭窄,多忧愁悲伤,郁郁不欢;“太阳之人,多阳无阴”,感情易暴发;“少阳之人,多阳而少阴”,爱慕虚荣,自尊心强。《灵枢·行针》指出:“多阳者多喜,多阴者多怒”。说明不同体质特点的人对情志刺激产生的好发性各异。相对而言,太阳、少阳之人易患高血压病。

(3)性格差异性格是人们个性心理特征的重要方面;一般而言,性格开朗乐观之人,心胸宽广,遇事心气平静而自安,故不易为病;性格抑郁之人,心胸狭隘,感情脆弱,情绪常激烈波动,易酿成高血压疾患。有人报道2/3的患者具有一定性格的特征。A型行为模式的人除易发生冠心病外,亦易患高血压病。李明德等(1985)的研究,发现高血压病病人中A型行为模式者占63.6%,而B型对照组中仅为36.4%,两者有显著差异。

回答2:

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