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基频率某种基某种群现比例设二倍体物体某基座两等位基Aa假设种群共N体AA、Aa、aa三种基型体数别n1、n2、n3种群A基频率AA基型频率别:①A基频率=A基总数/(A基总数+a基总数)=2n1+n2/2N或n1/N+n2/2N②AA基型频率=AA基型体数/该二倍体群体总数=n1/N面些资料基频率指种群基库某基占全部等位基数比例种群某基位点各种同基频率及各种基型频率都等于1于种群说理想状态种群基频率世代相传保持稳定自条件却受基突变、基重组、自选择、迁移遗传漂变影响种群基频率处于断变化使物断向前发展进化通计算某种群基频率利于理解该种群进化情况进步加深部知识理解掌握现基频率计算类型计算公式推导归纳:1.理想状态种群基频率计算理想状态种群处于遗传平衡状况种群遵循哈迪──温伯格平衡定律遗传平衡指极随机自由交配种群没突变发没自选择迁移条件种群基频率基型频率代代相传稳定变保持平衡具Aa基型群体(处于遗传平衡状态零世代或某世代)A基频率P(A)=pa基频率P(a)=q显性基A基频率与隐性基a基频率p+q=1其雌雄体向代传递基A型配频率p与其相应传递隐性基a型配频率q则用表1表示各类配组合类型、代基型及其现概率:表1雄配雌配A(p)a(q)A(p)AA(p2)Aa(pq)a(q)Aa(pq)aa(q2)由表知该种群代现三种基型AA、Aa、aa并且三种基型现频率别P(AA)=p×p=p2=D;P(Aa)=2p×q=2pq=H;P(aa)=q×q=q2=R且频率p2+2pq+q2=(p+q)2=1其基频率A基频率P(A)=D+1/2H=p2+pq=p(p+q)=p;a基频率P(a)=R+1/2H=q2+pq=q(p+q)=q见代基频率与亲代基频率所所世代没突变、迁移选择等素干扰群体遗传永远处于p2+2pq+q2平衡状态伴性基等位基遗传平衡计算仍遵循述规律运用规律已知基型频率求基频率;反已知基频率求基型频率例题:已知苯丙酮尿症位于染色体隐性遗传病据调查该病发病率约1/10000请问群该苯丙酮尿症隐性致病基(a)基频率及携带隐性基携带者(Aa)基型频率别()A.1%0.99%B.1%1.98%C.1%3.96%D.1%0.198%解析:苯丙酮尿症种染色体隐性遗传病由于该病则发病基型aa,即a2=0.0001a=0.01A=1-a=1-0.01=0.99携带者基型Aa频率=2×0.01×0.99=0.0198答案:D变式1.某海岛每万500名男患红绿色盲则该岛群性携带者数量每万少?(假设男比1:1)(B)A.1000B.900C.800D.700变式2:ABO血型决定于3等位基IA、IB、i通抽调查发现血型频率:A型=0.45B型=0.13AB型=0.06O型=0.36试计算IA、IB、i3等位基频率答案:IA频率0.3IB频率0.1i频率0.62.自状态种群基频率计算于自界种群说理想状态条件能同存种群基频率能保持平衡处于断变发展种非平衡群体采用抽调查获数据计算其基频率根据基所位置两种类型2.1关于染色体遗传基频率计算由定义知某基频率=某基数目/该基等位基总数×100%若某二倍体物染色体某基位点等位基A、a基频率别p、q,组三种基型AA、Aa、aa基型频率别D、H、R体总数NAA体数n1Aa体数n2aa体数n3n1+n2+n3=N:基型AA频率=D=n1/Nn1=ND;基型Aa频率=H=n2/Nn2=NH基型aa频率=R=n3/Nn3=NR;基A频率P(A)=(2n1+n2)/2N=(2ND+NH)/2N=D+1/2H=p基a频率P(a)=(2n3+n2)/2N=(2NR+NH)/2N=R+1/2H=qp+q=1所D+1/2H+R+1/2H=D+R+H=1由推导知①染色体基频率基本计算式:某基频率=(2×该基纯合数+1×杂合数)/2×种群调查体总数②染色体基频率推导计算式:某基频率=某种基纯合频率+1/2杂合频率例题:某种群随机抽100体测知基型AA、Aaaa体别30、6010求等位基基频率解:先求该种群等位基总数A或a数100体共200基;其A基2×30+60=120a基2×10+60=80由染色体基频率基本式计算求:A基频率:120÷200=60%a基频率:80÷200=40%解二:由题意知AA、Aaaa基型频率别30%、60%10%由染色体基频率推导式计算求:A基频率:30%+1/2×60%=60%a基频率:10%+1/2×60%=40%变式1:已知眼褐色(A)蓝色(a)显性属染色体基控制遗传30000群蓝眼3600褐眼26400其纯合12000群Aa基基频率别(A)A.64%36%B.36%64%C.50%50%D.82%18%变式2:种群随机抽定数量体其基型BB体占40%基型Bb体占50%基型bb体占10%则基Bb频率别(B)A.90%10%B.65%35%C.50%50%D.35%65%2.2关于X或Y染色体遗传基频率计算于伴性遗传说位于X、Y同源区段基其基频率计算与染色体计算相同;位于X、Y非同源区段基伴X染色体遗传Y染色体没该基及其等位基同理伴Y染色体遗传X染色体没其等基所计算基总数应考虑X染色体(或Y染色体)基总数若某二倍体物X染色体某基位点等位基B、b基频率别p、q,组五种基型XBXB、XBXb、XbXb、XBYXbY基型频率别E、F、G、HI体总数NXBXB体数n1XBXb体数n2XbXb体数n3XBY体数n4、XbY体数n5且n1+n2+n3=n4+n5:E=n1/N、F=n2/N、G=n3/N、H=n4/N、I=n5/N;p(XB)=(2n1+n2+n4)/[2(n1+n2+n3)+(n4+n5)]=(2n1+n2+n4)/1.5N=2/3(2E+F+H)q(Xb)=(2n3+n2+n5)/[2(n1+n2+n3)+(n4+n5)]=(2n3+n2+n5)/1.5N=2/3(2G+F+I)由推导知①X染色体基频率基本计算式:某基频率=(2×该基雌性纯合数+雌性杂合数+雄性含该基数)/(2×雌性体总数+雄性体数)②X染色体基频率推导计算式:某种基基频率=2/3(2×某种基雌性纯合体频率+雌性杂合体频率+雄性该基型频率)(雌、雄体数相等情况)例题:某种群随机抽100体测知基型XBXB、XBXb、XbXbXBY、XbY体别44、5、143、7求XBXb基频率解:等位基言每雌性体含2基每雄性体含1基(Y染色体没其等位基)100体共150基其雌性体基2×(44+5+1)=100雄性体基43+7=50XB基44×2+5+43=136基Xb5+1×2+7=14于根据X染色体基频率基本式计算求:XB基频率:136÷150≈90.7%Xb基频率:14÷150≈9.3%解二:由题意知XBXB、XBXb、XbXbXBY、XbY基型频率别44%、5%、1%43%、7%雌性、雄性体基型频率各占50%于由X染色体基频率推导式计算求:XB基基频率=2/3×(2×44%+5%+43%)≈90.7%Xb基基频率=2/3×(2×1%+5%+7%)≈9.3%变式1:某工厂男职工各200名调查发现性色盲基携带者15患者5男性患者11群体色盲基频率(B)A.4.5%B.6%C.9%D.7.8%变式2:欧洲某校进行遗传调查发现血友病患者占0.7%(男∶=2∶1);血友病携带者占5%种群Xh频率(C)A.2.97%B.0.7%C.3.96%D.3.2%解析::首先要明确2:1患者男比例群男比例1:1假设总数3000则男患者3000×0.7%×2/3=14患者3000×0.7%×1/3=7携带者3000×5%=150则Xh频率=(14+7×2+150)/(1500×2+1500)=3.96%二:群男比例1:1根据X染色体基频率推导式计算求:Xh频率=2/3(0.7%×1/3×2+0.7%×2/3+5%)=3.96%答案:选C总尽管基频率计算类型复杂其思维迥各异我要握住基频率计算条件规律弄清原委并灵运用能准确计算确答案主要参考文献1.李难.进化论教程.北京:高等教育版社1990.9:244—276.2.朱威赵占良.普通高课程标准实验教科书物必修2遗传与进化.北京:民教育版社2007:115
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