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大便带血主要应考虑哪几种疾病?
大便带血,是下消化道,特别是结肠、直肠和肛门部出血的一个特殊症状,提示肠道有器质性病变,必须十分重视,及时明确诊断,抓紧治疗。大便带血时应考虑下列疾病:
(1)肛门疾病
①血色鲜红无疼痛者,多见于内痔,Ⅰ期痔核以便血为特征,常因大便擦破痔核而出血,所下之血,或点滴不已,或一线如箭,或仅在手纸上带血;Ⅱ期痔核便血不多或不出血,常脱出肛门之外。
②肛裂的便血多伴有肛门疼痛及典型的便后周期性疼痛。
③肛管癌主要表现为便血及疼痛,疼痛于排便前加剧。
(2)直肠疾病
①直肠息肉的主要症状是便血,呈间歇性,色鲜红,一般量不多,这种病常见于儿童。
②直肠癌的主要表现为大便次数增多,粪便变细,带粘液及血,伴里急后重或排便不尽感,便血早期为鲜红,或暗红,量不多,晚期大便中常有恶臭粘液,体重减轻,应高度重视。
③放射性直肠炎也可大便带血,但应有放射治疗史。
(3)结肠疾病
①结肠息肉:a.幼年性结肠息肉病,平均发病年龄是6岁,无家族史,主要表现是大便带血,常伴有营养不良、贫血、低蛋白血症和生长迟缓,且常伴有先天性畸形,如肠旋转不良、脐疝和脑水肿等;b.家族性幼年性结肠息肉病:有家族史,症状以大便带血、直肠脱垂和生长迟缓为常见特征; c .Cronknite Canda综合征(CCS):为错构瘤息肉综合征,至成人发病,大便带血,多有腹泻,排便量大,并可含有脂肪,兼见腹痛、厌食、乏力、呕吐、性欲和味觉减退。几乎总有指(趾)甲的改变、脱发及色素沉着。
②结肠癌:常见于左半结肠癌,患者多有顽固性便秘,也可间见大便次数增多,癌肿破溃时,可使粪块外面染有鲜血或粘液,甚至排出脓液。
(3)慢性非特异性溃疡性结肠炎与细菌性痢疾:二者都可见便血,且多与粘液或脓液同时排出,伴有腹痛。
(4)阿米巴痢疾:以便血为主要症状,其大便呈酱红色,粘液多,且有恶臭味。
(5)出血性大肠杆菌肠炎:表现为急性起病,伴发热,腹泻,可有进食腐败肉食病史,常以食物中毒形式起病。
此外,1岁以内小儿应注意肠套叠。一些全身性疾病如白血病、再生障碍性贫血、血友病等也可有便血的症状。
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