推荐回答(2个)
1.促进花芽分化
樱桃花芽分化的特点是分化时间早,分化时期集中,分化速度快。一般在果实采收后10d左右,花芽便大量分化,整个分化期需40~45d。分化时期的早晚与果枝类型、树龄、品种等有关。花束状结果枝和短果枝比长果枝和混合枝早,成龄树比生长旺盛的幼树早,早熟品种比晚熟品种早。
根据樱桃花芽分化的特点,要求在采收之后及时施肥浇水,加强根系的吸收。补充果实的消耗,促进根系的生长,增强枝叶的功能,为花芽分化提供物质保证。否则,若放松土肥水的管理,则减少花芽的数量,降低花芽的质量,加重柱头低于萼筒的雌蕊败育花的比例。
2.提高坐果率
中国樱桃和酸樱桃自花授粉结实率很高,在生产中,无需特别配置授粉品种和人工授粉。而甜樱桃的大部分品种都存在明显的自花不实现象,在建园时要特别注意搭配有亲和力的授粉品种,并进行花期放蜂或人工授粉。
利用昆虫授粉是主要形式。注意保护野蜂、花期果园放蜜蜂及放养壁蜂等方法,均有利于提高坐果率。据邵达元调查,凡进行放蜂的樱桃园,一般提高花朵坐果率10%~20%,增产效果明显,也较省工。但需注意花期禁止喷药,以免危害访花昆虫,影响授粉。
当前樱桃生产上采用的授粉器是在不需采粉的情况下进行人工授粉的一种比较简单的方法。可用柔软的家禽羽毛作成一毛掸,也可用市售的鸡毛掸进行,用这种掸子在授粉树及主栽品种树的花朵上轻扫,便可达到传播花粉的目的。因为甜樱桃柱头接受花粉的能力只有4~5d,因此人工授粉在盛花后愈早愈好,必须在3~4d内完成,为保证不同时间开的花都能及时授粉,人工授粉应反复进行3~4次。采取这种方法授粉,花朵坐果率可提高10%~20%。
3.疏花疏果
樱桃的花量大,果又小,不能像苹果、梨那样进行疏花疏果。根据樱桃的特点,结合花前和花期复剪,疏去树冠内膛细弱枝上及多年生花束状结果枝上的弱质花、畸形花,以改善保留花的营养条件,有利坐果和果实发育。疏果一般是在樱桃生理落果后进行,疏果的程度依树体长势和坐果情况确定。一般每个花束状果枝留3~4个果,最多4~5个。疏果时要把小果、畸形果和着色不良的下垂果疏除。张宗坤等(1996)的试验表明,疏果后株产提高12.0%~22.7%,单果重增加3.8%~15.0%,花芽数量多,发育质量较好。疏果配合新梢摘心等措施,效果更明显,株产提高44.9%,单果重增加48.3%,花芽数量多,发育质量好。
4.预防和减轻裂果
裂果是果实接近成熟时,久旱遇雨或突然浇水,由于果皮吸收水分增加膨压或果肉和果皮生长速度不一致而造成果皮破裂的一种生理障害。裂果严重降低其商品价值,因此在生产上要采取措施减轻和防止裂果。
裂果多发生在果实成熟以前,因此,成熟越晚的品种愈易遭遇雨天发生裂果。在栽培上,首先要选择成熟期较早的品种如早红宝石、抉择、维卡、芝罘红、红灯、大紫等,或选择抗裂果的品种如雷尼、拉宾斯、萨米脱等。二是加强果实发育后期水分的管理,防止土壤忽干忽湿,保持土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的60%~80%,要浇小水、勤浇水。三是采用防雨篷防止裂果。据日本资料,在防裂果措施中效果最好的防雨篷大体有四种形式,即顶篷式、帷帘式、雨伞式和包皮式。防雨篷用塑料薄膜做成,采用防雨篷保护性栽培,因见光不良,果实要晚熟2~3d。采用这种装置,可以减轻裂果和灰星病的发生,能适时采收,提高品质。
5.预防鸟害
鸟害也是樱桃栽培上的一大危害。樱桃成熟时,色泽艳丽,口味甘甜,特别是在山区靠近成片树林的樱桃园,很易遭受鸟害。采用人工驱鸟的方法,既费工效果又差。国外常采用各种方法防止鸟害。如美国采取的措施有:一是在采收前7d树上喷灭梭威杀虫剂,忌避害鸟;二是采用害鸟惨叫的录音磁带,扩音播放吓跑害鸟;三是用高频警报装置干扰鸟类听觉系统。日本用塑料制作猛禽像挂在树上,并在旁边放一模仿猛禽叫的太阳能电池录音磁带,日出后开始警叫,日落时停止,来吓跑害鸟。我国果农则采用在树上挂稻草人、气球、放爆竹和防鸟网等办法来惊吓害鸟。但这些办法最初对防鸟很有效,时间长了则收效甚微。日本目前采用架设防鸟网的方法把树保护起来,效果好而持久。
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