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大樱桃树有死枝是:流胶病
流胶病在大樱桃产区是一种极为普遍的病害,目前其发病原因不明,不易彻底根治。植株流胶则造成树势衰弱,影响树体生长和果品质量,重则会引起死枝、死树,对大樱桃的生产影响较大。
一、症状及发病部位
1.病因。樱桃树发生流胶的原因比较复杂,凡使树体正常生长发育产生阻碍的因素都可能引起流胶。
一是由于寄生性真菌、细菌为害,如干腐病、腐烂病、穿孔病等均能引起流胶。二是虫害,特别是蛀干害虫,所造成的伤口诱发流胶,如吉丁虫、红颈天牛等。三是根部病害也能引起流胶。如根癌病、根腐病。四是机械损伤,过重修剪,剪锯口,以及冻害、日灼等也能引起流胶。五是建园不合理。土壤黏重,通气不良,排水不良,园区积水过多,使树体产生生理障碍,也能引起流胶。
2.症状及发病部位。此病多发生于枝干,主干和主枝树杈处更易发生。初期病部略膨胀,逐渐溢出柔软、半透明的胶质,雨后加重,胶质逐渐成冻胶状,几乎透明,失水后呈黄褐色,干燥时变黑褐色,表面凝固。严重时树皮开裂,其内充满胶质,皮层坏死,生长衰弱,叶色变黄,树势减弱。此病在辽南地区,每年5~6月和8~9月为两次发病高峰期。
二、加强果园管理
1.合理建园,改良土壤。大樱桃适宜在砂质壤土和壤土上栽培,加强土、肥、水管理,提高土壤肥力,增强树势,不在土壤黏重、通气不良和排水不便的地方建园。
2.合理修剪。一次疏枝不可过多,对大枝也不宜疏除,避免造成较大的剪锯口伤,避免流胶或干裂,削弱树势。树形紊乱,非疏除不可时,也要分年度逐步疏除大枝,掌握适时适量为好。
3.加强土壤管理。樱桃树不耐涝,雨季防涝,及时中耕松土,改善土壤通气条件。
4.枝干涂白。冬春季树干、大枝涂白,防日灼、冻害。涂白剂配制方法:生石灰6公斤,氯化钠1~1.5公斤,大豆汁0.3公斤,水20公斤。先把优质生石灰用水化解开,再加入大豆汁和氯化钠,搅拌成糊即可。
三、药剂防治
1.芽膨大前,喷洒石硫合剂加80%五氯酚钠200~300倍液,铲除越冬病菌。
2.刮治病斑。在樱桃休眠期首先进行刮胶和除掉腐烂树皮,尽量减少机械损伤,然后用波美3~5度石硫合剂或40%福美砷50~100倍液,连续3次涂抹病斑,对病斑防效可达70%~85%,效果比较明显。
3.对病斑包上黏黄泥也有一定防治效果,但没有石硫合剂和福美砷效果明显。樱桃树流胶病的防治,要以加强果园的综合管理,增强树体的抗病能力为主,配以适应的药剂防治为辅,才能更好地预防流胶病发生,加快樱桃发展,提高经济效益。
Cherry canker 症状 江苏、浙江、山东、河北樱桃产区均有发生,造成枝条大量枯死,影响树势。皮部松弛稍皱缩,上生黑色小粒点,即病原菌分生孢子器。粗枝染病病部四周略隆起,中央凹陷,呈纵向开裂似开花馒头状,严重时木质部露出,病部生浅褐色隆起斑点,常分泌树脂状物。 病原 Phomopsis mali Roberst 称苹果拟茎点霉,属半知菌类真菌。病枝上的小黑点即病菌的子座和分生孢子器。内含分生孢子梗和两型分生孢子,一种为椭圆形,单胞无色,两端各具1油球,另一种丝状,单胞无色,一端明显弯曲状。为害樱桃、苹果、梨、李子枝干,引起枝枯病。 传播途径和发病条件 病菌以子座或菌丝体在病部组织内越冬,条件适宜时产生大量两型分生孢子,借风雨传播,侵入枝条,后病部又产生分生孢子,进行多次再侵染,致该病不断扩展。3~4年生樱桃树受害重。 防治方法 (1)加强管理,使树势强健。发现病枝,及时剪除。冬季束草防冻。(2)抽芽前喷1:1:100倍式波尔多液或12%绿乳铜乳油600倍液。(3)4~6月喷洒50%甲基硫菌灵?硫磺悬浮剂800倍液或50%可灭丹可湿性粉剂800倍液、53.8%可杀得2000干悬浮剂900倍液。
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