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三代以内的三级亲属表兄妹或堂兄妹为近亲三代以内的三级亲属表兄妹或堂兄妹为近亲近亲结婚的危害 一些表兄妹或堂兄妹等近亲谈恋爱的青年人,心中可能常常浮现出这样一个问题,结婚会不会对未来的儿女有不利影响?就是说会不会生遗传病患儿或先天畸形儿?如可能的话,发生的机会有多大?他们往往带着这些疑问来找医生,请求指导 近亲结婚会不会对后代有不利影响呢?这个问题有过争论。在人类文明尚未开化的远古时代,近亲通婚非常混乱,不仅旁系血亲,甚至在直系血亲间也可通婚。古埃及统治者认为,只有皇室同族通婚才能保持皇室血统的纯洁和高贵,所以多是亲兄妹结婚。然而,人们从无数事实中得出结论,血缘近的男女结婚生育率低,后代的死亡率高,并常常出现先天畸形和遗传性疾病。近代更有大量资料证明,表兄妹结婚,痴呆儿发生率比非近亲结婚高10倍,新生儿死亡率和畸形率也比非近亲结婚高倍多。还有人报道,近亲结婚者的子女在0岁前死亡者达1.%,而非近亲结婚仅为1.%吧.!.大量事实证明近亲结婚对后代不利,应当禁止 为此,我国新婚姻法第六条明确规定,直系血亲和三代以内的旁系血亲禁止婚配。近亲即指有亲缘关系的人,更确切的说是指有不太远共同祖先的人,通常追溯三代。近亲为什么会使后代中遗传病发病率增高呢?这要从遗传学角度来解释。生物的遗传是通过基因传递信息来完成的,基因是遗传的物质基础,通过生殖细胞(精子和卵子)传给后代,从而父母的性状特点在子代得以表达。我们每个人大约有万以上的基因,这些基因一半来自父亲,另一半来自母亲,就是说,每个子女与父母之间的基因有1可能相同,所以同胞兄弟姐妹之间的基因则也有1可能相同。而爷孙、叔侄、舅甥等之间则有1可能相同。同理,表兄妹、堂兄妹等之间则有1可能相同。某些遗传性疾病的致病基因是隐性的,如双亲中一方带有这种基因,而另一方不带,则可使致病基因被掩盖,所以后代不发病。只有当夫妇双方都携带这种隐性基因,后代才发病。如前所述,近亲结婚,双方携带有相同基因的可能性明显大于一般群体。以白化病为例,本病以全身皮肤、毛发白化为特征。群体中携带这种致病基因的频率为10,如果非近亲结婚,则子代中发病的机会为110000,假如是表兄妹之间的近亲结婚,则子代中发病的机会为1100,要比非近亲结婚高倍多。目前已发现的常染色体隐性遗传病有1种。除白化病外,较常见的还有先天性聋哑、小头畸形、苯丙酮尿症、半乳糖血症等等。近亲结婚除使隐性遗传病发病率增高外,还可使多基因遗传病发病率增高,常见的有脑积水、脊柱裂、无脑儿、精神分裂症、先天性心脏病、癫痫等等 从上述资料可知,近亲结婚所造成的不良后果是有科学根据的,随着文化生活水平的提高,人们对禁止近亲结婚的认识日益深入,目前已被绝大多数人所接受。然而,仍有少数地区还流传着亲上加亲亲不断的近婚风俗。也有一些人举相反的例子,如有人说十九世纪英国科学家达尔文就是近亲的后裔。在他身上未发现什么不良的后果,且比一般人更聪明。可这些人却不知,达尔文婚后连生10个孩子,其中个孩子很小就夭折了,还有个孩子终身不育。的确,近亲结婚的后代并非都是低能人和遗传病患者。相反非近亲结婚的后代也不是绝对正常,只不过是机率大小而已。有些青年人,表兄妹间从小青梅竹马,建立爱情关系,明知是冒险,但却带着侥幸心理硬要结婚。我们希望这些人要相信科学,要为家庭的幸福和后代的健康着想,也要为提高我们民族的素质着想,不要冒这个险,否则铸成大错,追悔莫及 聋哑症的遗传性 聋哑是严重的耳聋,而耳聋有先天性和后天性两种。后天性聋哑症与遗传是没有关系的,先天性聋哑症也只有一部分与遗传有关 遗传性聋的病人绝大多数属于常染色体隐性遗传病。由于单个隐性等位基因不会使人表现缺陷,只有一对隐性等位基因存在时才会有某种缺陷的显露(才会发生遗传性聋)。在无亲缘婚配中这种机会只有万分之一,甚至更少,所以发病的机会是极少的。如果是近亲结婚或有相同类型的遗传性聋都结婚,则因男女双方携带相同的等位基因缺陷,出生儿耳聋的发病率可明显上升。因此,为了避免遗传性聋的发生,最重要的是不要近亲婚配。
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