推荐回答(2个)
现代革兰氏染色的机理是通过结晶紫初染和碘液媒染后,在细菌细胞壁内形成了不溶于水的结晶紫与碘的复合物,再用95%乙醇脱色。
细菌先经碱性染料结晶紫染色,而经碘液媒染后,用酒精脱色,在一定条件下有的细菌紫色不被脱去,有的可被脱去,因此可把细菌分为两大类,前者叫做革兰氏阳性菌(G+),后者为革兰氏阴性菌(G-)。
为观察方便,脱色后再用一种红色染料如碱性蕃红、稀释复红等进行复染。阳性菌仍带紫色,阴性菌则被染上红色。有芽胞的杆菌和绝大多数的球菌,以及所有的放线菌和真菌都呈革兰氏正反应;弧菌,螺旋体和大多数致病性的无芽胞杆菌都呈现负反应。
这种染色法是由丹麦医生革兰于1884年所发明,最初是用来鉴别肺炎球菌与克雷伯肺炎菌。革兰染色法一般包括初染、媒染、脱色、复染等四个步骤。
未经染色的细菌,由于其与周围环境折光率差别甚小,故在显微镜下极难区别。经染色后,阳性菌呈紫色,阴性菌呈红色,可以清楚地观察到细菌的形态、排列及某些结构特征,从而用以分类鉴定。
扩展资料
革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌在化学组成和生理性质上有很多差别,染色反应不一样。现在一般认为革兰氏阳性菌体内含有特殊的核蛋白质镁盐与多糖的复合物,它与碘和结晶紫的复合物结合很牢,不易脱色,阴性菌复合物结合程度低,吸附染料差,易脱色,这是染色反应的主要依据。
另外,阳性菌菌体等电点较阴性菌为低,在相同PH条件下进行染色,阳性菌吸附碱性染料很多,因此不易脱去,阴性菌则相反。所以染色时的条件要严格控制。
例如,在强碱的条件下进行染色,两类菌吸附碱性染料都多,都可呈正反应;PH很低时,则可都呈负反应。此外,两类菌的细胞壁等对结晶紫—碘复合物的通透性也不一致,阳性菌透性小,故不易被脱色,阴性菌透性大,易脱色。所以脱色时间,脱色方法也应严格控制。
参考资料来源:百度百科-革兰氏染色
通过结晶紫初染和碘液媒染后,在细胞壁内形成了不溶于水的结晶紫与碘的复合物,革兰氏阳性菌由于其细胞壁较厚、肽聚糖网层次较多且交联致密,故遇乙醇或丙酮脱色处理时,因失水反而使网孔缩小,再加上它不含类脂,故乙醇处理不会出现缝隙,,因此能把结晶紫与碘复合物牢牢留在壁内,使其仍呈紫色;而革兰氏阴性菌因其细胞壁薄、外膜层类脂含量高、肽聚糖层薄且交联度差,在遇脱色剂后,以类脂为主的外膜迅速溶解,薄而松散的肽聚糖网不能阻挡结晶紫与碘复合物的溶出,因此通过乙醇脱色后仍呈无色,再经沙黄等红色染料复染,就使革兰氏阴性菌呈红色。
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