推荐回答(4个)
围魏救赵
战国时,魏将庞涓率军围攻赵国都城邯郸。赵求救于齐,齐王命田忌、孙膑率军往救。孙膑认为魏军主力在赵国,内部空虚,就带兵攻打魏国都城大梁,因而,魏军不得不从邯郸撤军,回救本国,路经桂陵要隘,又遭齐兵截击,几乎全军覆没。这个典故是指采用包抄敌人的后方来迫使它撤兵的战术。公元前354年,魏国军队围赵国都城邯郸,双方战守年余,赵衰魏疲。这时,齐国应赵国的求救,派田忌为将,孙膑为军师,率兵八万救赵。攻击方向选在哪里?起初,田忌准备直趋邯郸。孙膑认为,要解开纷乱的丝线,不能用手强拉硬扯,要排解别人打架,不能直接参与去打。派兵解围,要避实就虚,击中要害。他向田忌建议说,现在魏国精锐部队都集中在赵国,内部空虚,我们如带兵向魏国折都城大梁猛插进去,占据它的交通要道,袭击它空虚的地方,它必然放下赵国回师自救,齐军乘其疲惫,在预先选好的作战地区桂陵迎敌于归途,魏军大败,赵国之围遂解。孙膑用围攻魏国的办法来解救赵国的危困,这在我国历史上是一个很有名折战例,被后来的军事家们列为叁十六计中的重要一计。围魏救赵这一避实就虚的战法为历代军事家所欣赏,至今仍有其生命力.
鸡鸣狗盗
战国时候,齐国的孟尝君喜欢招纳各种人做门客,号称宾客三千。他对宾客是来者不拒,有才能的让他们各尽其能,没有才能的也提供食宿。有一次,孟尝君率领众宾客出使秦国。秦昭王将他留下,想让他当相国。孟尝君不敢得罪秦昭王,只好留下来。不久,大臣们劝秦王说:“留下孟尝君对秦国是不利的,他出身王族,在齐国有封地,有家人,怎么会真心为秦国办事呢?”秦昭王觉得有理,便改变了主意,把孟尝君和他的手下人软禁起来,只等找个借口杀掉。泰昭王有个最受宠爱的妃子,只要妃子说一,昭王绝不说二。孟尝君派人去求她救助。妃子答应了,条件是拿齐国那一件天下无双的狐白裘(用白色狐腋的皮毛做成的皮衣)做报酬。这可叫孟尝君作难了,因为刚到秦国,他便把这件狐白裘献给了秦昭王。就在这时候,有一个门客说:“我能把狐白裘找来!”说完就走了。原来这个门客最善于钻狗洞偷东西。他先摸清情况,知道昭王特别喜爱那件狐裘,一时舍不得穿,放在宫中的精品贮藏室里。他便借着月光,逃过巡逻人的眼睛,轻易地钻进贮藏室把狐裘偷出来。妃子见到狐白裘高兴极了,想方设法说服秦昭王放弃了杀孟尝君的念头,并准备过两天为他饯行,送他回齐国。孟尝君可不敢再等过两天,立即率领手下人连夜偷偷骑马向东快奔。到了函谷关(在现在河南省灵宝县,当时是秦国的东大门)正是半夜。按秦国法规,函谷关每天鸡叫才开门,半夜时候,鸡可怎么能叫呢?大家正犯愁时,只听见几声“喔,喔,喔”的雄鸡啼鸣,接着,城关外的雄鸡都打鸣了。原来,孟尝君的另一个门客会学鸡叫,而鸡是只要听到第一声啼叫就立刻会跟着叫起来的。怎么还没睡蹭实鸡就叫了呢?守关的士兵虽然觉得奇怪,但也只得起来打开关门,放他们出去。
天亮了,秦昭王得知孟尝君一行已经逃走,立刻派出人马追赶。追到函谷关,人家已经出关多时了。孟尝君靠着鸡鸣狗盗之士逃回了齐国。故事出自《史记·孟尝君列传》。成语“鸡呜狗盗”比喻卑下的技能或具有这种技能的人。
卧薪尝胆
元前496年,吴王阖闾派兵攻打越国,但被越国击败,阖闾也伤重身亡。两年后阖闾的儿子夫差率兵击败越国,越王勾践被押送到吴国做奴隶,勾践忍辱负重伺候吴王三年后,夫差才对他消除戒心并把他送回越国。其实勾践并没有放弃复仇之心,他表面上对吴王服从,但暗中训练精兵,强政励治并等待时机反击吴国。艰苦能锻炼意志,安逸反而会消磨意志。勾践害怕自己会贪图眼前的安逸,消磨报仇雪耻的意志,所以他为自己安排艰苦的生活环境。他晚上睡觉不用褥,只铺些柴草(古时叫薪),又在屋里挂了一只苦胆,他不时会尝尝苦胆的味道,为的就是不忘过去的耻辱。勾践为鼓励民众就和王后与人民一起参与劳动,在越人同心协力之下把越国强大起来,最后并找到时机,灭亡吴国。
邯郸学步,纸上谈兵,奇货可居.围魏救赵,窃符救赵,完璧归赵,唾面自干
退避三舍 卧薪尝胆
道听途说 呆若木鸡
一鸣惊人 孟母三迁
邯郸学步 鹬蚌相争
价值连城 怒发冲冠
一言九鼎 惊弓之鸟
破釜沉舟 背水一战
毛遂自荐 奇货可居
安然无恙 盛气凌人
脱颖而出 犹豫不决
黄粱美梦 按兵不动
唇亡齿寒 老马识途太多了
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