推荐回答(3个)
先讲历史影响,科举始于隋,兴于唐,到了宋朝,配合赵姓王朝的祖宗家法,可以说是完善了,而宋朝科举制不得不提的是宋太宗赵光义一朝的科举,太祖朝取仕不多,但到了太宗朝,出于各种原因(主要的原因普遍认为是太宗为了巩固政权),取仕数量猛增(具体数量不做赘述,有兴趣的话可以网上查查),这段时间出现的人才都是历史上赫赫有名的,像自太平兴国二年起,出现了所谓的龙飞榜和龙虎榜,此两榜出现的像张齐贤,寇准一类的都是妇孺皆知的,此后的取仕数量也有起伏,总体来讲,宋的科举打破了门第限制,配合该朝依次出现的糊名制,锁院制,誊录制等一系列制度,使得人才得到充分的挖掘,对后世是一个很好的借鉴,产生了深远的影响,说是承前启后应该不夸张。
然后是对社会观念的影响,首先要说的是,可以不含糊的讲,从宋朝到现代,深植与中国大众观念里的,对“状元”、“进士”、“榜眼”、“探花”一类字眼的期望,羡慕,崇敬的情感的产生,是始于宋,或者说起码是从宋朝开始猛长的。为了提高进士的身价和地位,从太平兴国八年开始,及第进士赐宴琼林苑成为一种定制,此后又出现了进士唱名赐第制度以及其他形形色色的一系列规定制度,这些在相当大的程度上都提高了进榜人才的自豪感,更是提升了他们在老百姓心目中的地位,韩琦敢对名将狄青蔑视地说:“东华门外以状元唱出者乃好儿!”尹洙更是说:即便是统兵数十万,恢复幽燕,奏凯太庙,也比不上状元及第那么荣耀。当时人们观念中的人才地位可想而知了。
最后是社会风气,由上所述,由于观念的增强,风气自然被带动,不杀士大夫及上书言事者的祖宗家法明显地体现了宋朝宽松的政治环境,在这样的一种环境下,社会的崇文风气被很好的带动,使得文化成为了出经济以外宋朝又一可以说道的方面,唐宋八大家中宋朝的占了六个,其排名不否认含有时间上的局限,但也从另一个侧面表现出宋朝浓厚的文化气息和良好的文化氛围。
宋朝是中国封建时代科举制度的重要转折时期,已然变化了的社会政治、经济情况,对科举考试提出了新的要求,使宋朝科举考试打破了门第限制,以个人才能为录取标准;同时,考场规则进一步完善,考试内容更关涉治国安民之策,以便于选拔到真正有用的人才。科举制度的这些变革,对当时社会的价值取向也产生深远影响,形成公正平等、崇文重学、经世致用和忧国忧民的价值观,并以此促进了社会的发展和进步。
风气:重视读书和教育,重视文化。
观念:读书高贵,读书是进身之阶,读书可以改变命运。
(万般皆下品,唯有读书高”说明当时形成了重视读书和教育,重视文化的社会风气。“朝为田舍郎,暮登天子堂”“ 富家不用买良田,书中自有千钟粟。”说明读书能改变命运,能改善生活,读书能跻身上流社会的观念根深蒂固。)
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