盟军为什么要在诺曼底登陆?

2025-01-24 06:42:55
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

首先,登陆地点要具备以下三个条件:一要在从英国机场起飞的战斗机半径内,二航渡距离要尽可能短,三附近要有大港口。那么从荷兰符利辛根到法国瑟堡长达480km的海岸线上,以此条件衡量,有三处地区较为合适:康坦丁半岛、加莱和诺曼底。

再进一步对比,康坦丁半岛地形狭窄,不便于展开大部队,最先被否决。要知道这次登陆战役,是世界上最大一次,无论是作战人员,还是作战工具都很多,狭窄地形易守难攻,不适合登陆。

诺曼底该地是温带海洋 性气候,大西洋暖流的原因,在夏季涨潮,适合登陆作战

1943年7月11日,盟军在地中海发动西西里岛战,迫使意大利宣布投降,退出了战争。意大利投降后,盟军沿着亚平宁半岛向北推进,占领了意大利南部。但在1944年6月,为进入法国本土,盟军集结1200艘战舰、1万架飞机、4126艘登陆艇、804艘运输舰、165万军队在法国诺曼底实施抢滩登陆,开辟了第二战场。当时盟军已经占领了意大利,为何不从意大利进攻法国,而从德国重兵防守的诺曼底防线进行突破?

第一,意大利地形狭窄崎岖,多山地和丘陵,不利于盟军机械化部队和空军优势的展开。同时,也不利于盟军的后勤补给。盟军物资都放在了英国,从英国千里迢迢运到地中海非常不便,而且会遭到德国潜艇的严重威胁。因此盟军才选择了在诺曼底登陆。诺曼底距离英国近,运输方便,又能依托英国的航空基地和港口,比意大利具有更明显的优势。此外,诺曼底距离德国本土更近,对德国威胁巨大,因此盟军选择了从诺曼底登陆而不是从意大利向北推进。

第二,意大利地势险要,易守难攻,尤其是北部的阿尔卑斯山难以逾越。盟军曾试图在亚平宁半岛向北推进,但在卡西诺山等战役中严重受挫,导致进展缓慢。按照盟军推进速度,打到柏林估计得1947年了。直到德国投降,德军依然占领着意大利北部。

第三,西西里战役只是英美应付苏联的一次军事行动。由于美英承诺开辟第二战场,但美英迟迟没有行动,引起了苏联的焦虑和愤怒。为安抚苏联,英美决定对防守最薄弱的意大利南部地区发动进攻,英美出动15万部队,280艘军舰、320艘运输舰、900艘大型登陆艇和1225艘小型登陆艇以及3680架飞机,轻松的拿下西西里岛,占领了意大利南部地区。此后,英美军队在亚平宁半岛缓慢推进,而苏联不得不继续顶着德国的大部分兵力。直到1944年6月,德国到了强弩之末,英美准备充足,才在苏联的催促下发动全面攻势,在诺曼底进行抢滩登陆,迫使德国三线作战,越打越力不从心,最终输掉了战争。

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