曲面积分中dS和dxdy的转换等式是怎么推出的?

2025-01-23 06:07:05
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

曲面积分中有与不同面对应的三个方向余弦。


对于yoz面,dydz
=
cosα
ds


对于zox面,dzdx
=
cosβ
ds


对于xoy面,dxdy
=
cosγ
ds


其中dydz、dzdx、dxdy分别是ds在三个不同的面下的面积投影区域


考虑在xoy面上,γ是曲面ds在某一点的法向量与z轴之间形成的夹角


这个夹角的范围是0

γ

π


并且当0
≤ γ

π/2时,cosγ

0


当π/2
≤ γ

π时,cosγ

0


当γ
=
0时,ds
=
dxdy,因为ds的在xoy面下的投影正好是dxdy,法向量的方向与正z轴平行


当γ
=
π时,ds
=
-
dxdy,ds的法向量正好指向下,法向量方向与z负轴平行,所以取负数


所以这解释了为什么当σ取上侧时取正号,σ取下侧时取负号


其余两个面的做法也是这样,在zox面,右侧取正号,左侧取负号


在yoz面,前侧取正号,后侧取负号



这个方向余弦一般在两类曲面之间的转换或关于曲面的积分的证明题会用到,平时不常用的。


方向余弦的求法:


找垂直于对应曲面的向量,即法向量,然后除以该法向量的长度,得单位法向量,就是方向余弦


cosα
=
-
f'x/√[1
+
(f'x)^2
+
(f'y)^2]


cosβ
=
-
f'y/√[1
+
(f'x)^2
+
(f'y)^2]


cosγ
=
1/√[1
+
(f'x)^2
+
(f'y)^2]


其中曲面的方程是z
=
f(x,y)

回答2:

dxdy是dS在xoy平面的投影,设dS的平面与xoy平面呈夹角a
那么dS*cosa=dxdy
cosa就是方向余弦,其求法是
找垂直于对应曲面的向量,即法向量,然后除以该法向量的长度,得单位法向量,就是方向余弦
求得cosa=1/1/√[1
+
(z'x)^2
+
(z'y)^2],其中z=f(x,y)
所以最后结果是上式
若投影到yoz平面
那么dS*
-
f'x/√[1
+
(f'x)^2
+
(f'y)^2]=dydz
若投影到xoz平面
那么dS*-
f'y/√[1
+
(f'x)^2
+
(f'y)^2]=dxdz
望采纳

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