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浅水渠养殖淡水小龙虾技术
发布日期:2009-04-01、13:27:04
利用退耕还林的闲田,设计浅水渠养殖淡水小龙虾,每亩产量可达200公斤,成活率85%,规格40只/公斤,每亩获纯利2000余元。此法简单,易操作管理,既不影响树木的生长,又能充分利用土地资源。现将该技术总结如下:
一、开挖浅水渠
在树林行距间开挖一条长若干米(根据地形)、底宽1~1.5米、深0.5~0.7米的水渠,渠底铺设一层十四丝加厚塑料薄膜,薄膜主要是用来保水,以防浸坏树木。薄膜上再还土20~25厘米厚,余土可加高加固水渠的围堤,要夯实,以防漏水,可形成一条长若干、宽2~3米,深1~1.2米的浅水渠。浅水渠挖成后,每亩施发酵的猪粪或大粪200~300公斤加水至渠埂处浸泡,使底泥软化,做到泥烂、水肥。每亩用50~75公斤生石灰调节水质,一周后即可使用。
浅水渠内要创造适宜小龙虾生长的生态环境,首先要每隔2米做一个约1.5平方米的浅滩(露出水面),浅滩上可用直径为2~4厘米的小圆棒人为地做一些大小不同的洞穴,供虾隐藏,此法可减轻龙虾对渠埂的破坏。渠内及浅滩上要移植苦草、轮叶黑藻、水鳖草等沉水植物,同时还要移植少部分水葫芦、浮萍等。水草要占渠面积的50%,水草和浅滩可供龙虾栖息、掘洞、爬行,渠内也可稀植莲藕。
二、养殖技术
1、苗种采购:水渠清整可使用后,即可采购苗种。苗种来源广泛,人工繁殖的或从天然水域捕获的龙虾苗种均可采购。苗种离水时间要尽可能短。要把握好虾苗的质量,选择体质健壮、个体较均匀、精神旺盛的虾苗。如发现虾苗活动迟缓、脱水较严重或受伤的较多,则不可用作苗种,否则成活率低,增加投资成本,尤其要对在市场上收购的虾苗格外小心检查。
2、苗种投放:一般投放2~3厘米长的幼虾,投放量为每平方米水面30~40只。苗种购回后,要用2~4%的盐水洗浴5~10分钟,然后放入浅水区,任其自由爬行。放虾苗时动作要轻快,切不可直接倒入深水区。苗种的投放时间一般在晴天的早晨或傍晚。
三、日常管理
1、投饵:根据水温,按虾体重的2~5%的量投喂饵料。小龙虾的食性杂,麸皮、豆粕类、新鲜的鱼虾、人工全价饲料均可投喂。在养殖的全过程中,要尽量搭配新鲜的动物性饵料,以防营养失调导致虾体消瘦。可一日投喂两次,上午8~9时,投喂日投饵量的30%,下午6~7时投喂70%。沿渠边的浅水区,呈带状投喂或每隔0.5米点状投喂。
2、调节水质、水位、水温:投放龙虾苗后,要适时适量追施发酵的有机粪肥,供水草生长和培养饵料生物,每20天左右每亩用10公斤生石灰化浆泼洒1次,全池均匀泼洒。水位不稳定时虾掘洞较深,破坏渠埂;水温超过30℃时小龙虾即可能长成僵化虾,出现早熟,个体较小,影响上市规格。所以,养殖季节要经常补充新水,保持一定的水位、水温。控制水位、水温主要是通过加水、排水来解决。
3、防逃:可用宽1米、长若干的5~6目聚乙烯网片,沿渠外靠树木把水渠围起来,或用十丝加厚塑料薄膜围栏。通过观察,3~6月中旬的生长季节小龙虾一般不掘洞、不上岸外逃,6月下旬至9月的繁殖季节要特别注意防逃。
4、巡塘:每天巡塘2~3次,注意观察小龙虾的活动、摄食及生长情况,要注意水质的变化和清除田鼠等敌害生物;要保持环境安静,否则会影响虾吃食及生长。检查防逃设施有无破损。
5、虾病防治:定期用强氯精等杀菌药物杀菌消毒,定期预防纤毛虫病。饲喂的饵料要新鲜,在配合饲料中可添加光合细菌及免疫剂,以增加虾体免疫力。小龙虾属甲壳动物,对有些农药特别敏感,如有机磷、敌杀死、除虫菊酯等类药物,一旦流入养殖水体,虾死亡率极高,加水时一定要查明水源情况,以防万一。
四、捕捞方法
淡水小龙虾生长速度快,3~4月份放养的幼虾,5月底即可捕捞上市。一般采取捕大留小的方法,达不到上市规格的留池继续饲养,可以提高养殖的经济效益。捕捞可用虾笼、地笼网等工具捕捉。一般40~50分钟就要把小龙虾倒出来,以防密度过大缺氧死亡。不可采用药物捕捉,否则会影响商品质量。
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