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铊中毒
作者：aya录入 文章来源：aya录入 点击数 更新时间：2005-5-3 文章录入：admin 责任编辑：admin
铊中毒
【概述】 铊中毒（thallium poisoning）大多由于内服铊盐或外用含铊软膏治疗发癣（我国现已不用）所引起，少数病例是由于误服含铊的毒鼠、杀虫、灭蚊药所致。
【临床表现】 内服大量铊盐的急性中毒病儿常在数小时到24小时内出现症状，如恶心、呕吐、口炎、腹痛、腹泻，可有出血性胃肠炎（或有便秘），皮肤、粘膜出血，心动过速及其他心律失常，血压升高，肝、肾损害，脱发，多发性神经炎症状。部分病儿发生急性铊脑炎，出现头痛、嗜睡、精神错乱、幻觉、惊厥、震颤、谵妄、昏迷等。重症病儿并有肺水肿、呼吸困难以至呼吸衰竭、休克等，可于数日内死亡。若因长期应用铊盐治疗发癣而中毒，其症状发作缓慢，病儿可有疲乏，抑郁，失眠，激动，恶心、呕吐，感觉异常，肢端疼痛，手指震颤，肌肉无力，眼睑下垂、斜视，瞳孔散大，面肌强直，球后视神经炎，视神经萎缩、失明。此外，可有贫血，齿龈炎及齿龈蓝线，脱发，指、趾甲显现苍白痕或脱落，各种皮疹及表皮角化，皮肤有瘀斑或瘀点，肝、肾损害，糖尿等。此外，可有痴呆、甲状腺功能不全、发育迟钝及睾丸萎缩等。轻症可完全恢复，发生球后视神经炎后，视力大都减退。急性中毒病儿约有半数出现不同程度的各种后遗症。
【治疗说明】 由于口服铊盐发生的急性中毒，应在催吐后立即用1％碘化钾或碘化钠100～200ml洗胃，使成不溶性的碘盐，减少自胃肠吸收，随即选用3％硫代硫酸钠溶液或清水洗胃。用盐类泻剂导泻；并可口服活性炭0.5g/kg，以减少毒物吸收。以后内服牛奶、生蛋清等。静脉输液可促进排泄并维持体液平衡。解毒剂如依地酸二钠钙、二巯基丙磺酸钠或二巯基丁二酸钠的应用方法同汞中毒节，但效果不明显。双硫腙可与铊形成无毒的络合物，由尿排出，剂量为每日10～20mg/kg，分2次口服，5天为一疗程。并应每天补给10％葡萄糖溶液100m1。双硫腙在实验动物中有致糖尿病、甲状腺病变和眼的损害，故临床须慎用。普鲁士蓝具有离子交换剂的作用，铊可置换普鲁士蓝上的钾随粪便排出。治疗量为每日250mg/kg，分4次服用，每次溶于15％甘露醇50ml中口服，同时给盐类泻剂和钾盐。重症亦可静脉注射碘化钠或硫代硫酸钠等溶液，同时进行补液及对症治疗。严重中毒可用透析疗法或换血疗法。皮肤沾染时，可用肥皂水或清水冲洗。
慢性铊中毒用含硫氨基酸如胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸等，可有一定疗效。
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