推荐回答(2个)
包拯生活在北宋时期
包拯(公元999-1062年),字希仁,庐州府合肥(今肥东县)人。他28岁中进士,曾先后任天长、端州、赢州、扬州、庐州、池州、开封等知县、知府,出使过契丹,还在刑部、兵部任过职,在财政部门做过副使、转运使、三司使,在监察部门做过御使、谏议大夫,最后做到枢密副使,成为朝廷的宰辅,死后追赠礼部尚书,谥孝肃。他当过的大章阁待制和龙图阁直学士使他有了“包待制”、“包龙图”的雅称。老百姓更喜欢直呼“包公”。
《宋史》第316卷《包拯传》中说:“拯立朝刚毅,贵戚宦官,为之敛手,闻者惮之。人以包拯笑比黄河清,闾里童稚妇女亦知其名,呼曰‘包待制’。京师为之语曰‘关节不到,有阎罗包老。’旧制,凡诉讼不得径造庭下。拯开正门,使得进前陈曲直,吏不敢欺。”又说:“拯性峭直,恶吏苛刻,务敦厚”;“与人不苟合,不伪辞色悦人”,“平居无私书,故人亲党皆绝之”。正史中记载的包拯,是一位公正廉明的清官。他做过许多有益于百姓平民的好事,“不爱乌纱只爱民”,身后人们还记着他,口碑、话本小说、戏剧曲艺乃至当代的电影电视就演义了许许多多他清正廉明、刚直不阿的故事;演义的结果,使包公的形象更丰满,甚至神化、传奇化。包公“包青天”成了人们寄托、祈望的理想化人物。
对包拯形象的塑造和传扬始于其身前。而源于宋代的话本并红火于元代的包公戏,自明清到近世,不断发展,推陈出新,深受老百姓的喜爱。包拯在‘京官”开封府尹任上不过一年半光景,描绘这一时期他的断案故事无疑是最精彩的华章,传播之广,渲染之烈,溶进了人们炽热的“包公情”。
现存18种元代公案戏中,写包公审案断狱的就达11种,如无名氏的《包待制陈州莱米》。关汉卿的《包待制智斩鲁斋郎》等;明清又诞生20种。明代《元曲选》100种里包公戏占10种;打开《京剧剧目初探》,可以查到34出包公戏,如《金丸记》、(桃符记》、《胭脂记》、《珍珠记》、《双钉案》、《正朝阳》、《铡美案》、《赤桑镇》、《铡包勉》、《砸銮驾》。
历史上的包拯当然没有传说或舞台中的包公那样神奇。他既有政职、军职,亦有文职,甚至还有闲职,还做过谏官。比起北宋同时期的名臣韩椅、富粥、范仲淹,他的官职和政绩也许都稍逊一筹,但他却能流芳百世,恐怕主要在于他的刚直清廉,高风亮节。
千百年来,包拯作为不朽的清官形象、早已越过时空,为前人和今人,为黄皮肤“龙的传人”和其他肤色热爱中国、崇尚清廉的外国人所敬重。“清心为治本一直道是身谋。秀木终成栋,精钢不作钩。仓充鼠雀喜,草尽狐兔愁。史册有遗训,毋贻来者羞。”包拯的这首戒廉诗、可作“为政者师”,体现为民者愿。
1、包拯:北宋官员,以清廉公正闻名于世;
2、历史评价
士大夫语曰:富公真宰相,欧阳永叔真翰林学士,包老真中丞,胡公真先生。
包拯塑像
欧阳修:少有孝行,闻于乡里;晚有直节,著在朝廷。
司马光:拯进士及第,以亲老侍养,不仕宦且十年,人称其孝。”
刘敞:识清气劲,直而不挠;凛乎有岁寒之操。
吴奎:人或曲随,我直其为;人或善容,我抗其辞。
3、个人著作
《包拯集》又名《包孝肃公奏议》,收入《四库全书》“史部·诏令奏议类”第427册,是研究包公和宋代历史的重要文献,九百多年来,历朝都有翻刻本出版行世,深受后世研究者的重视。不过,《包拯集》并不是包公生前亲自编撰的,而是在包拯死后,后人为了纪念他,搜集整理加以印行。
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