运用海底扩张说和板块构造说等有关地壳运动的观点,解释全球海陆分布和地表形态的演化
推荐回答（1个）
大洋中脊是地幔对流上升的地方，地幔物质不断从这里涌出，冷却固结成新的大洋地壳，以后涌出的热流又把先前形成的大洋壳向外推移，自中脊向两旁每年以0.5～5
厘米的速度扩展，不断为大洋壳增添新的条带。因此，洋底岩石的年龄是离中脊愈远而愈古老。当移动的大洋壳遇到大陆壳时，就俯冲钻入地幔之中，在俯冲地带，由于拖曳作用形成深海沟。大洋壳被挤压弯曲超过一定限度就会发生一次断裂，产生一次地震，最后大洋壳被挤到700
公里以下，为处于高温溶融状态的地幔物质所吸收同化。向上仰冲的大陆壳边缘，被挤压隆起成岛弧或山脉，它们一般与海沟伴生。现在太平洋周围分布的岛屿、海沟、大陆边缘山脉和火山、地震就是这样形成的。所以，海洋地壳是由大洋中脊处诞生，到海沟岛弧带消失，这样不断更新，大约2～3
亿年就全部更新一次。因此，海底岩石都很年轻，一般不超过二亿年，平均厚约5～6 公里，主要由玄武岩一类物质组成。而大陆壳已发现有37 亿年以前的岩石，平均厚约35
公里，最厚可达70
公里以上。除沉积岩外，主要由花岗岩类物质组成。地幔物质的对流上升也在大陆深处进行着，在上升流涌出的地方，大陆壳将发生破裂。如长达6，000多公里的东非大裂谷，就是地幔物质对流促使非洲大陆开始张裂的表现。
根据板块学说，大洋也有生有灭，它可以从无到有，从小到大；也可以从大到小，从小到无。大洋的发展可分为胚胎期（如东非大裂谷）、幼年期（如红海和亚丁湾）、成年期（如目前的大西洋）、衰退期（如太平洋）与终了期（如地中海）。大洋的发展与大陆的分合是相辅相成的。在前寒武纪时，地球上存在一块泛大陆。以后经过分合过程，到中生代早期，泛大陆再次分裂为南北两大古陆，北为劳亚古陆，南为冈瓦那古陆。到三迭纪末，这两个古陆进一步分离、漂移，相距越来越远，其间由最初一个狭窄的海峡，逐渐发展成现代的印度洋、大西洋等巨大的海洋。到新生代，由于印度已北漂到亚欧大陆的南缘，两者发生碰撞，青藏高原隆起，造成宏大的喜马拉雅山系，古地中海东部完全消失；非洲继续向北推进，古地中海西部逐渐缩小到现在的规模；欧洲南部被挤压成阿尔卑斯山系，南、北美洲在向西漂移过程中，它们的前缘受到太平洋地壳的挤压，隆起为科迪勒拉—安第斯山系，同时两个美洲在巴拿马地峡处复又相接；澳大利亚大陆脱离南极洲，向东北漂移到现在的位置。于是海陆的基本轮廓发展成现在的规模。
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