宗教禁忌的藏传佛教的禁忌

2025-04-04 09:50:17
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

西藏密宗佛像中,有独具色彩之忿怒像、双身像、多臂多面像、一面多臂像、息态平正像等中的怖畏、明王、金刚等,分别代表佛、菩萨、护法的四大功业,并含有密宗文化艺术特征,形成为西藏密宗的神秘色彩。在双身像或密宗忿怒像处,禁忌谈论对佛、菩萨不敬之言论;未获密乘灌顶前,忌阅有关密宗经典或书刊;更不得翻阅密宗身像之示意图。在西藏,女同胞一般忌行进人密宗殿堂或护法神殿,尤忌观看护法神的秘密部位,因为护法神最容易受污而失散神智。在启请降神过程中,一般都有奇特幻象,说唱到最高境界时,只有用寡妇的衣裳拍打降神者身躯,才能冲散神附状态,因而,无论是护法神殿,还是念诵护法的喇嘛或法师处,一般禁止寡妇、月经期的妇女逗留。密宗戒中专门有一条规定是,若不尊重女同胞,按犯一次密戒看待。所以,这不是对女同胞的歧视,而是为了保持护法神的清净和不受干扰。由人的头骨制成的“嘎巴拉”及内中供食的五肉或五甘露,表示阴阳对和。男女头骨制成的腰鼓、人骨所制的念珠以及未满18周岁女子的大腿骨制成的骨号等等,都是密宗中最受保密和最为神圣的法具。这类法具,只有具大成就的密宗上师才能持用,作为对鬼神施行供养、发布指令和观察人生无常等高层次修密时所用,一般人决不允许持拿,更不能对这类法具有不敬之言。密宗认为,一般杀生与密宗师用放密咒杀生的性质完全不同,其因果报应也不一样。因此密宗十分讲究戒律之保密。密宗佛像一般都用哈达、缎绸包裹,原因也是禁忌俗人偷看护法神的密部的意思,这点在参观密宗殿佛像时一定要严格遵守。
西藏的密宗文化中对与生殖标本相关的东西至今还保持原本特色。西藏的西南部地区及洛巴族、门巴族一带,常见寺庙和神殿门前以至家家户户门前都挂有男女生殖器官的象征图案。密宗认为,女性生殖器代表智慧空性,男性生殖器代表方便大乐,是阴阳对合的一种象征意义;是修禅过程中的最高境界,一般人决达不到这种空乐境界,也就对之无法理解和谈论。密宗喇嘛之间或僧俗彼此交谈时,禁忌用性生活话题来交流。承德的棒锤山石和胜乐立体坛城二者相互对称立修,就是密宗文化的一种体现。观赏和了解密宗文化时,切忌将其错误地混同于一般的性器官理解,尤忌在寺内谈论两性关系的话题,以免违背宗教政策和伤害修密喇嘛的宗教感情。 西藏的节庆活动,来源多与宗教有关,经历史演变,多数已形成以民族节日活动为主,少数的以宗教活动为主。如拉萨的祈愿大法会(传大召)和酥油花供(燃灯节);另外,各教派、各地方也都有一些区域性传统宗教节庆活动。拉萨的祈愿大法会不仅是西藏全区性的活动,而且所有信仰藏传佛教省区的僧俗群众在经济条件允许时。也多以能亲往参加朝佛和观看格鲁派最高宗教学位拉让巴格西的考取过程为荣。而祈愿大法会结束时的正月十五酥油花节(灯节),八廓街摆满各寺庙及各地民间艺术家用酥油制作的各种佛像、天女和故事传说中的图案、人物、花草、鸟兽,更是精彩多姿、玲珑剔透,人们在酥油花架下,欣赏赞叹,欢庆起舞,彻夜不眠,体现人们对生活的热爱和美的追求。参加这类活动时,应注意有关禁忌,内容基本和参加其他宗教活动时相同。民族宗教传统节日活动的内涵和禁忌,是随着西藏社会历史和变革而不断演变的。如祈求丰收的望果节,在其一千五百余年的历史中,初始由苯教师按苯教仪轨带领村民进行“收地气”,求丰收的活动。8世纪起,由宁玛派僧人带领按宁玛派仪轨主导活动。14世纪格鲁派兴起后,又改由格鲁派高憎带领按格鲁派轨进行。西藏民主改革前,广大农奴饱受压迫剥削,衣不遮体,食不果腹,他们是在被强制的情况下,参加望果节为领主们祈求丰收。只有在人民当家做主的今天,农民才得以主人翁的心态,打着各种彩旗,身着节日新装,抬着自己亲手用麦穗搭成的“丰收塔”,锣鼓喧天、欢歌曼舞地参与各种文体活动,来祈祷丰收,来表达他们对新生活的无比热爱和对中国共产党的由衷敬仰。由望果节的历史沿革可以看出,藏传佛教禁忌文化,以至藏民族的民俗文化,都是随着社会的发展进步而不断更新兴替的。我们期望着新的藏传佛教禁忌文化的演变和形成,相信它定会随着与社会主义社会相适应的方向发展,使之更加丰富多彩,为社会主义精神文明和各民族的大团结提供绚丽的内涵。

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