《始得西山宴游记》作者借西山之游,抒发了自己怎么样的人生感受?
推荐回答(3个)
本文记叙了作者发现和宴游西山的经过,描写了西山的怪特,抒发了内心的感受。为了突出“始得”西山宴游之乐,作者运用了对比映衬的手法,首先概括描写平日一般的游览和一般的感受,然后着力描写西山的“怪特”和特殊的感受。这表现在两个方面:一是写西山之高,“凡数州之土壤,皆在衽席之下”,这使他感到“是山之特立,不与培塿为类”。——这实际上是作者不苟世俗、傲然特立的性格的写照。二是写在西山顶上见到的“尺寸千里”“萦青缭白,外与天际”宏大境界。这宏大的境界,使他感受到了自然界的“悠悠乎与灏气俱而莫得其涯,洋洋乎与造物者游而不知其所穷”的宏大气势。——这实际上是作者宽阔胸怀和巨大抱负的表现。在这种境界中,他“引觞满酌,颓然就醉”,并在“无所见”的暮色中,感到了“心凝形释,与万化冥合”。作者就是这样忘掉“惴栗”,把自身的遭遇、思想感情与山水融合在一起了。
这篇文章在表现手法上,除了对比映衬、融情于景之外,在结构上首尾照应:开头是贬官后“恒惴栗”,结尾则是西山宴游之后,大自然使他“心凝形释”,忘掉恐惧。在语言上也很有特色。如在第一段,为了使概括描写避免平淡,作者运用“顶针”修辞方法,如“……无远不到。到则披草而坐,倾壶而醉。醉则更相枕而卧,卧而梦。意有所极,梦亦同趣。觉而起,起而归。”这种修辞方法是用前句的结尾(如“到、醉、卧、起”)做下句的开头,它可使句子递接紧凑而生动畅达。此外本文还用了许多偶句和排句,如“施施而行,漫漫而游”,“攀援而登,箕踞而遨”,“悠悠乎与灏气俱而莫得其涯,洋洋乎与造物者游而不知其所穷”;“上高山,入深林,穷回溪”,“过湘江,缘染溪,斫榛莽,焚茅茷”。这些句子,节奏鲜明,音调铿锵,并且气韵流畅,使人爱读。
永贞元年(805)八月,王叔文集团的政治革新失败。柳宗元因参与其中,九月被贬邵州刺史,十一月加贬永州司马。当时被贬为司马的还有刘禹锡、韦执谊、韩泰、陈谏、韩晔、凌准、程异——这就是有名的“八司马”事件。在政治理想破灭后,三十三岁的柳宗元开始致力于文学词章的创作。“永州八记”就是他被贬永州后的作品。作者深处穷荒之地,闲暇之余,纵情山水,从美好的自然山水中“发现和认识了自身的美好情操与价值,坚定了人生信念和社会批判意识”。课文《始得西山宴游记》是“永州八记”之首,和后面的《钴潭西小丘记》《至小丘西小石潭记》同为元和四年所作。它仿佛“永州八记”的序言,因此也是欣赏“永州八记”的一把钥匙。
文章一开始便交代了自己“僇人”的身份和一直惴惴不安的忧愁心绪。这一交代和提示,对我们准确地理解和赏析“永州八记”很有帮助。由于作者是罪人,才能有闲暇;由于内心忧闷,故需要排遣。这一切决定了他的游览方式是“施施而行,漫漫而游”。这种游览方式的特点是:(1)无目的性——“上高山,入深林,穷回溪,幽泉怪石,无远不到”;(2)散漫放任性——“披草而坐,倾壶而醉。醉则更相枕以卧,卧而梦……觉而起,起而归”。尽管这种游览的滋味有些苦涩,但也不免有快乐。以上描写,都反映了作者被贬后的心情。但这并不是目的,作者突然一转,说“以为凡是州之山水有异态者,皆我有也,而未始知西山之怪特”。至此,读者恍然大悟,原来上面这些笔墨都是虚晃一枪,为的是衬托和突出“未始知西山之怪特”。从这一点来说,以上文字只是引子,文章这才开始呢——确实写得曲折生姿。接下来便正面写西山。作者采取先远后近的步步紧逼法,先写坐法华西亭获得远望西山的初步印象——觉得西山青异怪特;然后“过湘江,缘染溪”,通过“斫榛莽,焚茅茷”,登上了西山的最高点。上了西山,作者立即改用俯视的方法来写,这种居高临下的扫瞄,开拓了视野,增强了西山的怪异感,将俯视所得“岈然洼然,若垤若穴”的怪异景象尽收眼底。“尺寸千里”,又增添了西山气势,由此知道西山奇特,不与一般的山同日而语,所以留连忘返。在西山顶上,作者感受到并神往于大自然的浩然之气,悠悠然任意驰骋,至此,前文描写的那种“恒惴栗”的感情冰释了,达到了“心凝形释,与万化冥合”,即物我合一的境地,把那种放任自由的情态推向了高峰。但作者仍嫌不够,进一步将它推向极端,说“知吾向之未始游,游于是乎始”。原来先前那种“施施而行,漫漫而游”统统称不上什么游览,今天才尝到了游赏的滋味。前面那一大段文字,又一次被用来作为游西山时物我合一情态的陪衬。可见,文章采用由抑到扬的写法,形象生动地表现了作者被贬永州后的真实心态。
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