推荐回答(3个)
樱花原产于日本,另有一些种原产于我国。多数种喜湿润,不耐干风,较能耐寒,但不耐酷暑。引种至华南地区,有些品种虽能生长,但长势差,开花不茂。
樱花
(1)形态、品种及观赏特点 樱花又名日本樱花,属蔷薇科李属的落叶乔木。春季花梢先于叶开放,粉红色或白色,繁华满枝极为艳丽。花有重瓣、半重瓣、单瓣等多种。重瓣及半重瓣通常不结实,主要供观赏,为著名花木。日本种植极广,春来举国樱花,浩灏如海,极为壮丽,被誉为日本的国花。樱花的种类较多,另有同属的樱桃,我国古时也常称樱,唐代白居易有“小园新种红樱树,闲绕花枝便当游”,同一时期的刘禹锡也有“樱桃千叶枝,照耀如雪天”的诗句,可见樱树在我国古代已有人工栽培,而且进入了士大夫的庭院,但樱树为主要观赏花木,并能名噪于世,则始于日本。樱花在日本大致分为红山樱与白山樱两大类,红山樱较能耐寒,多植于日本的北部,白山樱喜温暖气候,多植于本州以南。人工培育的品种,多达200个以上,近年栽培的多为人工品种。我国引种栽培最多的品种,有彩霞樱,又名牡丹樱,花玫瑰红色,重瓣;垂花京都樱花柄长,重瓣,开时下垂。樱花宜于在公园、校园、行道、山间、水滨等多处种植,群栽及孤植均很适宜。武汉大学、南京林业大学等处的校园,樱花颇盛,已成为当地的午要景观。
(2)产地、生态特性及管理 樱花原产于日本,另有一些种原产于我国。多数种喜湿润,不耐干风,较能耐寒,但不耐用酷暑。引种至华南地区,有些品种虽能生长,但长势差,开花不茂。对土壤的要求不很严,一般桃、李等可栽培的土壤均可正常生长。大树可任其自然生长,不加修剪以免影响长势,但应剪除过密弱枝,以改善树冠通风和增加光照。喜光,种植宜疏,四周不宜有高大树遮荫,根浅不耐狂风,宜选择阳炮充足及较为避风地种植。一般品种,种植以后可不施肥,较名贵的品种,每年夏末秋初花芽形成期及开花前,需分别松土培根,并各施肥1次,可提高开花质量。病害较少,雨季注意排水,防止浸渍。虫害有蚜虫、介壳虫为害嫩枝,应及早地现,剪除、销毁附有虫的枝条并喷乐果等农药防治;另有天牛为害树干,金龟子为害树叶,应及时用毒饵诱杀成虫并喷药液防治。
(3)繁殖技术 原种开花后结实,可用种子繁殖,采下脱去果肉的种子,不能干藏,应及时播入湿沙床内催芽,培育1年生苗可作嫁接钻木,2年生苗可出圃定植。栽培品种,花后多不结实,采用嫁接、压条、扦插、分株等无性方法繁殖,以嫁接育苗为主,原种或樱桃的砧木,可供嫁接用,于早春叶芽未萌动时进行,切接或芽接法均可。压条可于生长旺盛期,选择健壮侧枝进行。一般品种可用嫩枝扦插育苗,名贵品种扦插不易成活。根株间常有萌生植株,可于开花前挖取分株种植。
蔷薇科落叶乔木,高5米~20米;叶有光泽,卵形,先端长渐尖,叶长6厘米~12厘米,边缘有锯齿;花先叶开放或同时,3朵~5 朵簇生成总状花序,白色稍带有粉红或粉红色,直径约4厘米,无香味,花期4月。花开满树,花大而鲜艳,极为美丽、壮观。是重要的园林观花树种,为日本国花。宜植于山坡、庭院、建筑物前。原产中国长江流域、东北、华北及日本也有分布。优良品种用嫁接法繁殖。喜深厚、肥沃而排水良好的土壤,喜光和稍湿润的环境。变种和品种较多,如重瓣樱花、湖北樱花(花小,单瓣,白色)、日本晚樱(粉红色花,有香味)、山樱花(野生、单瓣,白或粉红) 垂枝樱等。
樱花喜欢生长在冷凉的环境下,它是一种温带植物。日本的纬度较高,气温很适合樱花的生长,所以日本的樱花不但品种多,颜色多,花朵也开得更盛、更美。
每年踏入三月,日本樱花便由南部九州开至北面北海道,尽管樱花优美动人,每处花期不过10至14天,偶然遇上一夜强风冷雨,更把花片打得落花纷飞。所以,要欣赏樱花灿烂一面,便要捉紧樱花的盛开花期,并且要找到最美的赏樱地点。
在日本语中,“樱时”就是指樱花盛开的时节,也就是春天。日本政府把每年的3月15日至4月15日定为“樱花节”。在春天樱花盛开的时候,人们带上亲属,邀上友人,携酒带肴在樱花树下席地而坐,一边畅饮,一边陶醉在漫天飞舞的“花吹雪(はなふぶき)”中,是日本人民一年里最心仪的事情。
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