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匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌合称“五胡”主要活跃在中国北方,长城之外,从东汉到三国再到两晋逐渐南迁(西晋后有五胡十六国)渐渐与北方汉族融合,现在只有羌族还保留,其他四族都与汉族同化。南蛮:汉族对云贵即其以南的邻近现代中国的一些领土上的各个少数民族的统称,当时大都城部落联盟形式,很多一个村子就是一个“民族”,多已不可考。诸葛亮征南蛮,使蜀汉对西南诸少数民族的统治得以稳固。乌桓:亦作“乌丸”、“古丸”、“乌延”等与鲜卑人同宗,属东胡人,以现在赤峰为中心,三国时首领(大人)为蹋顿,是曾一度控制大片土地的强大游牧部落。后被曹操所灭,残部大都内迁中原逐渐与汉族同化,少数投降鲜卑,原来的领地也为鲜卑所并。山越:中国东南少数民族,古越族后裔(秦征服百越),聚山林,善山地作战,大大小小的村寨,结构松散,三国时联合与孙吴政权对抗,历经多年被征服,被迫出山迁至平地。占族、交趾(这个我拿不太准,请专业人士指教):占族即现在越南人(越南古名占婆、占城)祖先,交趾包括现代越南北部和广东广西南部,秦时属百越。始皇征服百越后,在此设立桂林郡、象郡等,秦末南海尉赵佗割据自立南越王,后降汉(但仍然半独立状态,算是藩王),后复被汉武帝灭,武帝设交趾等三郡。东汉末又闹独立,建占婆国。孙吴政权进入,保留部分郡制,但是占婆国似乎并没被灭,大概是臣服了,地缘上可能也有出入。西域诸族:传说200国,三国时从东汉到曹魏、西晋在西域都设有都护府,保持中央对西域的控制(当然很微弱),200国之数也是在很大一个时间跨度上的,并不都同时存在,很多一个绿洲就是一个小国,和中原王朝貌合神离,主要有高昌、楼兰、乌孙等。三国时中原纷争跟他们没多大关系。 辽东还有高句丽等少数民族,不过跟中原也没大瓜葛,这里提到是因为东汉在现在辽东和朝鲜北部设立乐浪郡,而以高句丽(其人民主要是濊貊和扶馀人)为首的民族也生活在这里,虽然表面尊崇汉朝,但在汉朝政府和军队之外仍保持“民族政权”,还属于部落形式,武装很强大。曾与曹操联合,后攻击曹操,为曹击败,操以为其灭,撤军,没想到70多年后又起来了,一度占据辽东、东北、朝鲜北部广大区域,并猛烈向西挺进,威胁中原,虽几度被中原政权击败(包括五胡十六国时期少数民族政权),但总是死灰复燃(小强?),至隋朝,隋炀帝三征辽东(及征高句丽)失败(有史学家成隋朝因战争空耗民力,是其灭亡的一大原因),高句丽更是气焰嚣张。到唐太宗时,太宗征东,终于灭了高句丽(这个民族历史上最擅长背信弃义),其领土和残部都入唐,这段历史被后人不断演绎,其最著名的一个英雄人物就是薛仁贵——薛仁贵征东。现在的朝鲜和韩国都称是高句丽的后代(朝鲜故称高丽也是从高句丽而来)。我个人认为朝鲜和韩国人应该是百济、新罗的后人(当年百济、新罗、高句丽合称朝鲜半岛的“三国时代”),因为据史料记载,高句丽同百、新两国的风俗习惯有很大差异,而其后又被唐所灭,部属和土地也都并入唐朝,后人大都被各族同化。但是,看看现在朝鲜人和韩国人的一些作为我开始认为他们的确具备“祖先”的一些“品质”。
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