时至今日,现代的礼仪与古代的礼仪已有很大的差别,谈及当今我们提倡的礼仪,具有哪些现代的价值?
推荐回答(2个)
中国古代有“五礼”之说,祭祀之事为吉礼,冠婚之事为嘉礼,宾客之事为宾礼,军旅之事为军礼,丧葬之事为凶礼。五礼的内容相当广泛,从反映人与天、地、鬼神关系的祭祀之礼,到体现人际关系的家族、亲友、君臣上下之间的交际之礼;从表现人生历程的冠、婚、丧、葬诸礼,到人与人之间在喜庆、灾祸、丧葬时表示的庆祝、凭吊、慰问、抚恤之礼,可以说是无所不包,充分反映了古代中华民族的尚礼精神。吉礼居五礼之首,它主要是对天神、地祗、人鬼的祭祀典礼。其主要内容可包括三个方面。第一是祭天神,即祀昊天上帝;祀日月星辰;祀司中、司命、风师、雨师等。第二是祭地祗,即祭社稷、五帝、五岳;祭山林川泽;祭四方百物等。第三是祭人鬼,主要为春夏秋冬享祭先王、先祖。凶礼是哀悯、吊唁、忧患之礼。它的主要内容有:以丧礼哀死亡,以荒礼哀区礼,以吊礼哀祸灾,以桧礼哀围败,以恤礼哀寇乱。其中,丧礼是对各种不同关系
的人之死亡,通过规定时间的服丧过程来表达不同程度的悲伤;荒礼是对某一地区或某一国家受到饥馑疫疠的不幸遭遇,国王与群臣都采取减膳、停止娱乐等措施来表示同情;吊礼是对同盟国或挚遇有死丧或水火灾祸而进行吊唁慰问的一种礼节。这三种礼节各级贵族都可举行。桧礼是同盟国中某国被敌国侵犯,城乡残破,盟主国应会合诸国,筹集财货,偿其所失;恤礼是某国遭受外侮或内乱,其邻国应给予援助和支持。宾礼是接待宾客之礼。它主要包括朝、宗、觐、遇、会、同、问、视八项。军礼时师旅操演、征伐之礼,军礼主要有大师之礼、大均之礼、大田之礼、大役之礼、大封之礼。大师之礼是军队征伐的仪礼;大均之礼是王者和诸侯在均土地、征赋税时举行军事检阅,以安抚民众;大田之礼是天子的定期狩猎,以练习战阵,检阅军马;大役之礼是国家兴办的筑城邑、建宫殿、开河、造堤等大规模土木工程时的队伍检阅;大封之礼是勘定国与国,私家封地与封地间的疆界、树立界碑的一种活动。嘉礼是和人际关系,沟通、联络感情的礼仪。嘉礼的主要内容有飨燕饮食之礼、婚冠之礼、射之礼(后衍生出“投壶)、赈幡之礼、贺庆之礼、优老之礼。
民俗界认为礼仪包括生、冠、婚、丧四种人生礼仪。实际上礼仪可分为政治与生活两大部类。政治类包括祭天、祭地、宗庙之祭,祭先师先圣、尊师乡饮酒礼、相见礼、军礼等。生活类礼仪的起源,按荀子的说法有“三本”即“天地生之本”,“先祖者类之本”,“君师者治之本”。在礼仪中,丧礼的产生最早。丧礼于死者是安抚其鬼魂,于生者则成为分长幼尊卑、尽孝正人伦的礼仪。在礼仪的建立与实施过程中,孕育出了中国的宗法制(见中国宗法)礼仪的本质是治人之道,是鬼神信仰的派生物。人们认为一切事物都有看不见的鬼神在操纵,履行礼仪即是向鬼神讨好求福。因此,礼仪起源于鬼神信仰,也是鬼神信仰的一种特殊体现形式。“三礼”(《仪礼》、《礼记》、《周礼》)的出现标志着礼仪发展的成熟阶段。宋代时,礼仪与封建伦理道德说教相融合,即礼仪与礼教相杂,成为实施礼教的得力工具之一。行礼为劝德服务,繁文缛节极尽其能。直到现代,礼仪才得到真正的改革,无论是国家政治生活的礼仪还是人民生活礼仪都改变成无鬼神论的新内容,从而成为文明礼仪。
古代提倡男尊女卑,在现代肯定不适用了,现代的话肯定是要尊重女性,这一点非常重要。但是还有一些是值得提倡的,比如尊敬长辈,爱护幼小,谦恭自省,待人真诚。这是个大课题,回答得不好。
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