农村常用的黑木耳菌袋常压灭菌灶有哪几种类型?如何建造?

2025-03-24 18:48:52
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

(1)节能蒸汽灭菌灶

这是由燃烧炉、蒸汽发生器和框架罩膜组成的常压灭菌灶。常见的有河南产的CMQ-5型常压蒸汽炉、辽宁产的WQS常压热水锅炉。这些灭菌设备具有出气量大、节省燃料、方便的特点,每次灭菌装量可多可少,多的6000~8000袋,少的2000袋均可。一般栽培户均适。灶体结构见图15。栽培者也常用汽油桶加工制成蒸汽发生器。

图15 节能蒸汽炉灭菌灶

(单位:毫米)A.蒸汽炉 B.灭菌箱框 1.汽油桶 2.加水孔 3.蒸汽管 4.烟囱 5.灭菌仓 6.火门

该灶的使用方法如下:

①先在地面铺放1层薄板为隔热物,上面摊1层薄膜。薄膜上面用单砖平放4~6排作支架,支架上面横放木板或木条,形成平台,其上面排放待灭菌的料筒。

②料筒有两种堆叠方法:一是四周用装有料筒的塑料筐或铁筐堆叠至一定高度,中间“品”字形堆叠料筒至所需高度;二是梯形堆叠法,料袋“品”字形逐层堆叠,底部大上部小,呈梯形,然后用长宽各8米的双层薄膜,从上向下罩盖,四周薄膜紧贴地面,但可排出冷气和冷凝水。在裹密的薄膜外,用棉絮或麻袋、雨布覆盖为隔热保温层,最后用绳子“十”字形捆绑牢固。

③用硬胶管或塑料管,一端连接蒸汽发生器的蒸汽出管口,用铁丝扎紧,以不漏气为准;导管的另一端插进料筒堆叠底部,伸入砖块支架内40~50厘米处,待通入蒸汽2小时左右,塑料膜上的冷凝水明显减少时,检查周边是否漏气,若有用泥巴或重物压密。

④蒸汽发生器内水位不得高于标准线,保持预热水箱不缺水。在灭菌管理过程中,保持蒸汽发生器内水位下降速度与预热水箱进水量基本平衡。

⑤灭菌初始火力要猛,料筒堆间温度达到100℃后,保持10~12小时,保温阶段时常检测底部料筒2~3层处筒堆内的温度,调节火源使灭菌仓内温度稳定在97℃以上。

⑥灭菌完成后,将蒸汽发生炉的水箱内的水排尽烘干,以防生锈腐蚀。

(2)砖砌灭菌灶

砖砌灭菌灶采用水泥、砖头和钢筋建成。灶高260厘米,长200厘米,宽120厘米,分上下两部分。下半部为灶台,有盛水的铁锅,铁锅上方为上半部的灭菌仓;灶台底部为燃烧口,直通灶后有烟囱;四周砖砌24厘米厚的仓壁,内外用水泥粉刷,成为顶部圆弧形的长方体。仓壁一侧开有40厘米×80厘米的窗口,装有木门,并用钢筋和螺丝加固,便于装入料筒关闭。在灶台与灭菌仓顶部之间距离灶台1/3处安装1只检测灭菌仓的压力表或温度计。灭菌仓的顶端留1~2个直径1厘米宽的小通气孔,便于灭菌仓内蒸汽循环,避免造成“死角”。紧靠灭菌灶后部安1口蓄水锅,并用砖砌成高50厘米、长宽与铁锅直径相当的水池。前后锅之间安装有1条长30厘米、直径4厘米的空心钢管,装上止水阀门,使后锅蓄水池的水能补充前灭菌仓下方锅内的水源,以防水烧干。这种灭菌灶可以根据生产规模,自行设计灭菌灶的规格大小。见图16。

图16 砖砌专用灭菌灶

(单位:厘米)1.炉灶 2.灭菌仓 3.灭菌仓门 4.铁锅 5.水位观察口 6.蓄水池 7.烟囱

(3)平底锅大型灭菌灶

这是近年来在大规模生产中设计的一种大型灭菌方法。由砖砌成长280~350厘米,宽270~250厘米,高60~80厘米的长方形筐架式平台,匹配用0.4厘米的钢板焊接制成的同等大小的平底锅,高60~70厘米。锅口沿旁宽12~15厘米,设有进水口和排水口及水位观察口。四周设钢钩和压边紧固件,供料堆罩膜盖布后,扎绳紧固。锅的平底上安装木条,木条离锅底20厘米,木条上方铺有木板,料筒井字形堆叠在垫板上,四周有筐架堆叠可成长方体,无筐架可堆叠成梯形体,然后罩塑料膜和篷布,一次可灭菌0.6万~1万筒。其灶体燃烧灶膛砌成半地下式,其中地平以下40~45厘米,地平以上20~35厘米,方便装卸料袋。灶台正面上半部为炉膛,长与灶体同,设2个燃烧口,宽40~43厘米,高55~60厘米,内装活动炉排;下半部为通风道口及清灰坑。灶台对面砖砌烟囱,高视灶体大小而定,一般高350~500厘米。烟囱体内径下大上小,下部36厘米×36厘米至60厘米×80厘米,上部24~45厘米。燃料木柴或蜂窝煤。蜂窝煤每铁筐装160粒,一个燃烧口进2筐,2个燃烧口一次进4筐共640粒。

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