中医里的虚实寒热是什么意思?如何分辨病症的虚实寒热呢?

2025-04-02 01:40:26
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

  ①八纲辨证中辨别邪正盛衰的两个纲领。邪气盛为实证,正气衰为虚证。《素问·通评虚实论》:“邪气盛则实,精气夺则虚。”
  ②指人体阴阳的消长。《素问·宝命全形论》:“天有寒暑,人有虚实。”吴昆:“虚实,人之阴阳消长也。”

  虚实两纲,主要辨别机体强弱与病邪盛衰。虚指正气虚,实指邪气实。
  一、虚证:即正气虚弱或机体有形物质不足所产生的证候。如面色苍白、精神萎靡、身疲乏力、心悸气短、自汗盗汗、舌净无苔、舌质淡嫩、脉细弱无力等。治疗宜用补益法。

  注意:
  1. 辨虚证必须结合脤体脏腑及气血、阴阳,才能指导治疗。如脾虚宜健脾,气虚宜补气,阴虚宜滋阴等。均可从脉象中了解之。
  2. 虚证常与寒证或热证同时存在,如阳虚生寒(即机能过度减退),故阳虚多兼有寒象(虚寒证);阴虚生热(即阴虚液少,阳气偏盛而化热),故阴虚多兼有热象(虚热证)。
  3. 相对地说,久病多虚证,老年人患病也多虚证。

  二、实证:主要系指病邪过盛所产生的证候。但病邪过盛,人体必将增强其机能代谢活动以抵抗病邪,故实证往往表现在两方面:病邪过盛,如痰饮、水湿、瘀血、食积、虫积等;机能亢盛,如精神与奋、声高气粗、发热面赤、腹满痛而拒按、大便秘结、小便短赤、舌苔厚腻、脉洪有力等。治疗实证宜用泻下法或消导法。
  注意:
  1. 辨实证也要结合脤体脏腑及气血、阴阳,以便指导治疗。如气实(气滞)则行气破气;血实(瘀血)则宜活血化瘀或破血等。
  2. “热”也属机能代谢亢盛的表现,故实证常与热证同时存在(实热证)。
  3. 相对地说,新病多实证,壮年人患病也多实证。

  三、虚实夹杂:临床上除单纯的虚证或实证外,常有虚中夹实或实中夹虚等虚实来杂的情况,如同硬变腹水病人,由于病久身体已虚(正气虚),但又有腹水实证(邪气实)。在治疗上对虚实夹杂的病证,应根据具体情况,分别采取先补后攻、先攻后补,或攻补兼施等不同治疗方法。
  ①病状名。主要证见发冷发热,或战栗不欲食。《素问·风论》:“其寒也则衰食饮,其热也则消肌肉,故使人怢栗不能食,名曰寒热。”
  ②恶寒发热。《灵枢·五邪》:“邪在肺,则病皮肤痛,寒热,上气,喘,汗出。”
  ③指寒性和热性药物。见“寒热内贼”。
  ④指寒证和热证。《灵枢·禁服》:“必审按其本末,察其寒热,以验其脏腑之病。”
  ⑤指寒热之邪毒。《灵枢·寒热》:“此鼠瘘寒热之毒气也。”
  ⑥指寒热相兼的病证。《素问·皮部论》:“黄赤则热,多白则寒,五色皆见,则寒热也。”
  ⑦八纲辨证的两个纲领。详寒证、热证。

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