推荐回答(1个)
创业投资是以获得资本增值收益为目的具有循环投资特点的资本运作方式,它既不像一般的产业投资,通过经营产品来获得产业利润;也不像战略投资,为配合母公司的产品研发与发展战略而长期持有所投企业股权,它是以获得资本增值收益为目的,在投资过程中形成投资、管理、退出、再投资封闭循环的投资。退出是创业投资中一个必不可少的重要环节,只有建立了通畅的退出机制,才能顺利完成资本循环,实现资本增值。国际上,常见的创业投资退出渠道包括:上市、并购、股权转让、清算。各类退出渠道的实现需要有一个能够满足不同企业融资需求,基于不同上市标准、不同监管要求而建立起来的内涵丰富、结构合理的多层次资本市场。
近年来,为适应创新创业发展需要,我国高度重视多层次资本市场建设,到目前为止,我国已经初步形成由主板、中小板、创业板、新三板和区域性股权市场构成的多层次资本市场体系。2016年国内企业在主板、中小板和创业板完成首发的数量上升到227家,融资金额略有下降,但也达到1496亿元;截至2016年底,新三板累计挂牌企业数突破1万家大关,达到10163家,总市值突破4万亿元大关,达到40558.11亿元;全国区域性股权交易中心40家,挂牌企业1.6万家,展示企业5.6万家。丰富的资本市场体系在调结构、助创新、引导资源配置等方面发挥了重要作用。
从2016年双创景气指数中退出渠道这一维度数据变化情况看,存在一定程度的退出渠道不畅的问题,突出表现在以下两个方面:
一是虽然新三板挂牌企业增长迅猛但流动性仍然较差。近年来,受相关制度不断完善的影响,新三板逐步成为私募股权投资退出的重要方式,对于提高企业治理水平、方便企业融资和投资者退出都发挥着积极的促进作用。2016年,新三板挂牌企业数量实现了倍增,迈入“万家时代”,成为全球最大的资本市场,但市场交易额却停滞不前,仅比2015年增加了2亿元,平均交易规模急剧下降,显示市场流动性较差。究其原因,主要是新三板上挂牌企业质量仍然不高,向创业板、主板的转板机制仍未真正理顺,做市商制度也未真正建立。而为了解决挂牌企业融资问题,新三板挂牌企业只能更多依靠股权质押方式。据统计,2016年新三板共发生3828笔股权质押,数量是2015年的3.5倍多。
二是虽然整个私募股权投资并购退出表现火爆但与双创相关的创业投资并购退出有所下降。在供给侧结构性改革的大背景下,国内企业兼并重组的力度不断加大,受其影响,我国私募股权投资并购退出异常火爆。2016年与私募股权投资相关的并购交易案例数同比上涨四成以上,交易金额同比实现翻番。但是,其中与双创密切相关的创业投资并购退出无论是案例数还是金额数,均呈现明显下降的情况。这与投资回归理性、市场不确定性增加等因素密切有关。
针对当前双创景气指数中折射出来的创业投资退出渠道不畅的问题,我们建议相关部门要加快相关政策、制度的细化、完善与落地,针对创新创业企业特点,构建起由互联网股权融资、区域性股权市场、新三板、创业板、中小企业板组成的全链条创新创业融资生态系统。此外,要进一步推动放管服改革,加大财税支持力度,积极营造有利于创新创业的生态环境,促进创业企业成长壮大,提升新三板挂牌企业质量,为企业挂牌、转板打下良好的基础。
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