推荐回答(4个)
饮茶,人们通常又称作“品茗”或“茗饮”。那么,“茗”为什么成了茶的通称了呢?原来,茶,在古书上所载的名字很多,诸如荈、莈、葭萌、荈诧、槚、荼、茗。茶的古字写作“荼”,到了唐代,人们将“荼”字去掉一笔,定为“茶”字。“茗”字出现比“茶”字略晚一些。
陆羽《茶经》根据采摘时间的不同将茶分为五类:“一曰茶,二曰槚,三曰莈,四曰茗,五曰荈”,并注曰“早取为茶,晚取为茗”。随后,人们为方便将“茶”和“茗”作了茶的通称。另据陆机《毛诗草木鸟兽虫鱼疏》的说法“蜀作荼,吴人作茗”,可见古时我国北方方言区一般称作茶,而南方地区则把茶称作茗。后来,随着南北方的交流,茶和茗指的都是同一东西了。
《红楼梦》里贾宝玉身边有五个小厮,后来另外四个小厮不见了,只剩下一个刁钻古怪的焙茗。好多人不明白作者为什么给这个小厮起这么个名字呢?其实,焙茗与作者茶文化的积淀关系十分密切。
《茶经》中将制茶工艺分为七道工序:采、蒸、捣、拍、焙、穿、封。所谓“焙”,就是烘焙茶饼,也就是通过烘焙把茶叶中的水分蒸发,得到干茶,然后才能碾茶。贾宝玉的五个小厮名字都很雅致,焙茗、引泉、扫花、挑云、伴鹤。第一个字都是动词——— 焙、引、扫、挑、伴,再加上茗、泉、花、云、鹤,可见曹雪芹是别有一番心思的。
茶在千百年中,已深入到人们生活的各个领域,特别在陆羽,问世以后,出现了茶文化,在文人的笔下,更成了不同凡响的灵草异物,于是在赞许赞美赞叹之中,为它取了种种别名,以表达人们喜欢喜爱喜悦之情。绍兴茶也如此,其名五彩纷呈,不拘一格。大约可分五类:
(一)以茶的产地为借代。如不称茶而称日铸、石笕、后山等,正如不称酒而直呼“绍兴”一样。清代梁绍壬在中谓:“绍兴酒各省通行,吾乡之呼之者直曰‘绍兴’,而不系‘酒’字。”如有人十分快乐时会拍案大叫“快拿绍兴来吃”即为一例。茶亦如此,茶客进茶楼,点茶也常称“石笕”、“日铸”,不系“茶”字。如欧阳修两浙之品,日注第一。”徐渭《谢钏君惠石埭茶》中即以地名为茶名:“杭客矜龙井,苏人伐虎丘,小筐来石埭,太守赏池州。”四个地名代四种茶。陆游诗“囊中日铸传天下。”亦为一例。
(二)古代茶之别名:陆游《茶经·一之源》说得
很清楚:“其名,一曰茶,二曰贾,三曰,四曰茗,五曰舛。”古称“荼”。自陆羽著《茶经》后,才统一称“茶字”。晋杜毓有《舛赋》,为我国最早茶赋。宋梅尧臣有《南有嘉茗赋》为茶赋名篇。内述:“南有山原兮不凿不营,乃产嘉茗兮嚣此众氓。” (三)专有代名:叶嘉:这是苏轼所取的茶之专名、昵称。载此文,因《茶经》首句言:“茶者,南方之嘉木也。”又因茶之用于世者主要在叶,故取茶别名为“叶嘉”并作《叶嘉传》。此传为古来颂茶散文名篇,用拟人手法,刻画了一位貌如削铁,志图挺立的清白自守之士,一心为民,一尘不染,如文中所言:“风味恬淡,清白可爱,颇负盛名。有济世之才,虽羽知犹未评也。”为社稷黎民,“虽粉身碎骨”亦不辞也。这是茶别名最佳名号
茗茶”二字,但这两个字的真实含义却是茶叶中质量下乘之品。何谓“茗”?许多字典、词典和著作都有两种解释,其一是茶的通称,故有“品茗”、“香茗”等词;其二详解“茗”的意义,如陆羽的:“一曰茶二曰木贾三曰 四曰茗五曰 一说是晚收的茶;茶之晚取者;一说是茶的老叶,即粗茶一说是晚采的茶;:茶晚取者。 由这些摘录可知,“茗”字如果单独使用就是“茶”的同义词,倘若“茗”与“茶”并列进行词义比较,即是采摘前后顺序之别,茶在先,茗在后。“茗茶”则又是另一种意义关于茗茶有一段话:光绪十三年卷二:“茶则有胜金、嫩桑、仙芝、来泉、先春、运合、华英之品,又有不及号者,是为片茶八种,其散茶号茗茶。”由此可见,“茗茶”是质量下乘之品,并非“名茶”的意思。
古人说:“早上采摘的是茶,晚上采摘的是茗。”茗有两个意思,其一是作为茶的通称,故有“品茗”、“香茗”等词;其二是质量下乘的意义,如陆羽的《茶经》:“一曰茶,二曰槚,三曰蔎,四曰茗,五曰荈”;《辞海》:一说是晚收的茶;《辞源》:茶之晚取者;《中华字海》:一说是茶的老叶,即粗茶。
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