推荐回答(2个)
近日,国务院有关部门一项调查显示:近五成企业家认为社会诚信环境缺失是导致企业不履行社会责任的主要原因之一;近三成的企业家认为“在目前阶段,讲诚信的企业往往吃亏”。
无独有偶,本月初,上海社科院的一份调查报告显示,上海近五成未成年人认为诚实就意味着吃亏。
两个“近五成”、两个关键人群对“诚信”的怀疑态度,令人堪忧。
翻开近期的报纸,种种违背诚信的新闻旧闻乱花迷眼——广东拖欠国家助学贷款的学生名单,人数高达千人以上;为了“肉质鲜嫩”,餐馆竟用去污粉处理牛肉;公费留学生学成后,却违约不愿回国效力;一只“年画老虎”,让一个炒更农民和堂堂林业部门陷入诚信危机;十余架飞机无故“倒飞”,航空公司公然坚称“天气原因”使然……诚信失范有如瘟疫,散布于社会的很多角落。
上观历史。“人而无信,不知其可”,在“仁义礼智信”被视为道德圭臬的传统中国,“信”,成为一种约定俗成的交往原则和道德准则。这种“信”,与今天商业社会中的“信”相比,内涵有所重合,却又不尽相同——商品经济的社会中,诚信不仅仅是一种美德,更是一种制度约束,以及在这种制度约束下培育出的个体自觉。
而在数千年的帝王社会中,社会强调的“信用”,却从未由道德倡导转变为制度化的准则。其一,在“重农抑商”的长期坚持下,泛儒家化的中国农业社会里,从未发育出完全的商业形态,也就缺乏一种紧迫的对近代商业诚信的现实需求。其二,民众与帝王(政府)的权力授受关系从未以契约的原则得以确立,“民可使由之,不可使知之”的愚民政策,让整个社会的诚信体系从根子上就是虚妄的。从而导致千百年来,一方面“不义而富且贵,于我如浮云”这样的道德倡导居庙堂之高,另一方面“宁可我负天下人,不可天下人负我”这样的反道德宣言又大行其道。
细看现实。如果说,在改革开放之前,中国社会的诚信生态虽嫌发育滞后、过于偏重于道德层面,但仍然对泛儒家化的中国社会起到有效的调节;则改革开放和市场经济大潮扑面而来的这三十年里,毋庸讳言,转型期的中国,已在某种程度上面临着一种诚信失范和诚信真空——一方面,在商品和利润的冲刷下,传统的、道德层面上的诚信原则被很多人抛诸脑后,为博取超额利润、攫取不义之财而不讲信用、甚至恶意欺骗;另一方面,新的、与市场经济社会相适应的诚信体系尚未建立,面对全新的、更复杂的社会经济关系,传统的诚信守则更多地面临诱惑和考验。与传统的农业社会相比,更多人、在更多时候被抛到“守信VS失信”的十字路口。
市场经济社会本质就是一个信用社会,“诚信”是一切交往、交易的前提。转型期的中国,虽然对少数人、在短期内而言,失信的收益很高、而成本很低;但对于全社会、长期而言,诚信失范和缺失,带来的却不啻于灾难。
乐观的是,在中国的积极转型中,社会观念的整体跳跃,虽带来断裂和迷失,也潜藏着“升级”的力量。在现实需求的驱动下,中国社会的暂时性诚信失范,必将自我调整、自我修正,走向制度化的重建——而在这一过程中,政府的垂范、倡导和建章立制,将起到异常关键的作用。(徐锋)
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