推荐回答(5个)
通胀效果:
(1)收入再分配效应。
对固定收入者不利,由于通胀使货币实际购买力下降,使得固定收入购买力下降。
对储蓄者不利,通胀下真实利率可能为负,使得储蓄者资产实际价值降低。
利益从债权者向债务者转移,扭曲债权债务关系。
(2)经济效应。需求拉上行通货膨胀由于货币幻觉的存在使得短期就业和收入水平上升。
而成本推动型通货膨胀会引起“工资-物价”螺旋,使得收入和就业下降。
通胀会引起物价上涨,也会引起工资上涨,但是有局限。由于存在工资粘性,劳动合同的制约,导致工资未必能随着物价水平变动,且上涨幅度有限。
如果工资能随着物价即时同比例上升,那么通胀不会对实际经济产生影响,而在实际生活中这点事很难做到的。
通胀影响人们生活主要是影响
1、货币实际购买力,由于工资上涨幅度低于物价上涨幅度,实际购买力降低,因此消费降低,人们生活水平下降。
2、通胀引起通货膨胀税,工资上涨使人们进入更高纳税档次,实际收入降低。
通胀影响国家的方面:1、通胀是国内物价上升,是我国出口商品竞争力下降,出口受阻,外需不足。
2、实际余额效应,价格上升使得居民消费投资下降,从而国民收入下降。
通货膨胀对人们的危害主要是物价上涨,生活成本提高,特别是中低收入者的生活水平会下降。影响人们的基本生活。
通货膨胀对社会的危害主要有两个。一是它使价格体系失灵,二是它扭曲了分配制度。会导致社会动荡和人心不安等。价格是市场经济中的信号系统,资源配置和市场运行都依靠价格信号来完成。通货膨胀使价格的信号作用失灵,人们分不清哪些价格反映了通货膨胀,哪些还没有。这使得人们无法有效完成资源配制,无法进行长期规划,税收金融法律的管理作用失效。比如,由于高通货膨胀,企业提取的折旧的实际价值锐减,实际税率在提高,这会影响设备和固定资产投资。再比如,在高通货膨胀环境下,投资者股票的实际价格在贬值,但是投资者扔有可能必须付出资本收益税,这会使得投资股票的意愿下降,提高证券市场的成本。总之,由于通通货膨胀导致了经济运行中的混乱,将使得产出下降。
通货膨胀的另一个危害是它扭曲了分配制度。它使得依靠固定收入的那部分人群收入下降。典型的就是依靠退休金和储蓄金的人群。这容易引发社会矛盾。
引起资金占用的大量增加,从而增加企业的资金需求。引起企业利润虚增,造成企业资金由于利润分配而流失。引起利润上升,加大企业的权益资金成本。引起有价证券价格下降,增加企业的筹资难度。引起资金供应紧张,增加企业的筹资困难。
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