推荐回答(1个)
在汉语中,“红”是一个非常吉利的字眼,得宠、出名、走运、事业兴旺等等,都称“红”。如“他是领导跟前的红人”“她唱歌唱红了”“红运”“开门红”“满堂红”“红火”“红利”等等。“红”之所以常和这类意思联系在一起,是中国人的“尚红”习俗使然。
红色是中国人最喜爱的颜色,甚至可视为中国人的文化符号。新年贴红对联,元宵挂红灯笼,新婚贴红囍字、穿红衣裳,生小孩送红蛋,等等,人们无不把红色当成喜庆吉祥的象征。上海世博会,中国人还以红色作为中国馆的颜色,向全世界展示中国文化的主色调。那么自古以来,中国一直就崇尚红色吗?
在古代,颜色被认为是国家政权的象征,颜色的改变,意味着政权的更替。在不同的历史时代,人们崇尚的颜色并不一样。
战国时期的阴阳家邹衍,提出“五德”学说。“五德”是指金、木、土、水、火所代表的五种德性,每一种德性对应一种颜色,即金德对白色,木德对青色,土德对黄色,水德对黑色,火德对红色。金克木,木克土,土克水,水克火,火克金,周而复始,循环往复。五种颜色也随之更替。战国以后,几乎每一个王朝,都依据“五德”循环原理,给自己赋予一个新德,并规定新的国家颜色,以此表明自己依“天命”取得前朝政权,有“合法”性。
秦始皇初并天下,以周为火德,秦替周,是以水德克胜火德。水德相应的颜色是黑色,于是“衣服旄旌节旗皆尚黑”,秦始皇建造了一个黑色帝国。许多人也许还记得,电影《英雄》中就以黑色为主色调,宫殿、战车……黑压压的。可见张艺谋对“黑色帝国”的文化是了解的。
汉替秦,自然是以土克水,汉应该是土德了。但刘邦却自封黑帝,仍从水德,崇尚的颜色还是黑色。公元前104年,汉武帝正式宣称汉为土德,于是“服色尚黄”。由于“五德相克”理论适用于“暴力革命”,不适合王莽通过“和平”禅让的手段获取刘氏江山的现实,著名学者刘歆便创造出“五德相生”理论,认为金生水、水生木、木生火、火生土、土生金。王莽宣称汉是尧的后裔,属火德,自称舜的后裔,为土德。火生土,汉朝把政权禅让给自己建立的新朝,便是自然之理。刘秀借机大做“火”字文章,为“有火自天,流为赤乌”“火为主”等图谶之言,推翻了王莽,恢复了汉室江山。公元25年,刘秀继帝位,建立东汉,成了“火德”皇帝,国色又变成了红色。
曹丕取代东汉,按“五德相生”原理,“火生土”,魏自然是“土”,颜色尚黄。晋取代了曹魏,“土生金”,晋自然是“金”,颜色尚白。历史进入南北朝时期。政权频繁更替,“五德”轮回,“五色”转移。隋替代北周,属火德,尚赤。唐朝取代隋,火生土,属土德,尚黄。五代时期,后梁灭唐,土生金,尚白;后唐号称继承唐王朝,故依然为土德,尚黄;后晋为金德,尚白;后汉为水德,尚黑;后周为木德,尚青。
宋受禅于后周,木生火,故宋为火德,尚赤;赵宋南迁,一仍火德,尚赤,高宗年号建炎,即火德中兴之意。
宋代以后,“五德”相克或相生学说,在官方基本寿终正寝了。元替宋,虽然民间认为是水克火,元为水德,但蒙古人对此不感兴趣,没有规定统一的国家颜色,民间沿袭宋代尚赤的传统。朱元璋参加的红巾军,追认宋的火德,红色是当时反元武装最鲜明的标志。所以明崇火德,尚红色。其实明朝后来对此并不重视。清替明,虽然有以水克火的说法,但并没有得到朝廷的充分认可,清代也没有规定国家颜色,民间仍然尚红。
可见,自从宋代开始,我国实质上一直崇尚红色,至今已有1000多年历史。这就是汉语词汇系统中,常用“红”表示吉祥、幸运、兴旺等意的原因。
(本文刊于《咬文嚼字》2014年第2期)
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