轮胎是汽车的重要部件之一，它直接与路面接触，和汽车悬架共同来缓和汽车行驶时所受到的冲击，汽车轮胎保证汽车有良好的乘座舒适性和行驶平顺性；保证车轮和路面有良好的附着性，提高汽车的牵引性、制动性和通过性；承受着汽车的重量，轮胎在汽车上所起的重要作用越来越受到人们的重视。 很早以前轮胎是用木头、铁等材料制成，第一个空心轮子是1845年英国人罗伯特·汤姆逊发明的，他提出用压缩空气充入弹性囊，以缓和运动时的振动与冲击。尽管当时的轮胎是用皮革和涂胶帆布制成，然而这种轮胎已经显示出滚动阻力小的优点。根据这一原理，1888年约翰·邓录普制成了橡胶空心轮胎，随后托马斯又制造了带有气门开关的橡胶空心轮胎，可惜的是因为内层没有帆布，而不能保持一定的断面形状和断面宽。 1895年随着汽车的出现，充气轮胎得到广泛的发展，首批汽车轮胎样品是1895年在法国出现的，这是由平纹帆布制成的单管式轮胎，虽有胎面胶而无花纹。直到1908年至1912年间，轮胎才有了显著的变化，即胎面胶上有了提高使用性能的花纹，从而开拓了轮胎胎面花纹的历史，并增加了轮胎的断面宽度，允许采用较低的内压，以保证获得较好的缓冲性能。 1892年英国的伯利密尔发明了帘布，1910年用于生产，这一成就除改进了轮胎质量，扩大了轮胎品种外，还使外胎具备了模制的可能性。随着对轮胎质量要求的提高，帘布质量也得到改进，棉帘布由人造丝代替，50年代末人造丝又被强力性能更好、耐热性能更高的尼龙、聚酯帘线所代替，而且钢丝帘线随着子午线轮胎的发展，具有很强的竞争力。 1904年马特创造了炭黑补强橡胶，大规模用于补强胎面胶是在轮胎采用帘布之后，因为在这之前，帆布比胎面在轮胎使用中损坏得还要快，炭黑在胶料中的用量增长很快，30年代每100份生胶中使用的炭黑也不过20份左右，这时主要在胎面上采用炭黑，胎体不用，现在已达50份以上。胎面中掺用炭黑以前，轮胎大约只行驶6000km就磨光了，掺用炭黑后，轮胎的行驶里程很快就得到显著的提高。现在一组货车轮胎大约可行驶10万km，在好的路面上，甚至可达20万km。 1913-1926年，因发明了帘线和炭黑轮胎技术，为轮胎工业发展奠定了基础。轮胎外缘的标准化，制汽车轮胎造工艺的逐渐完善，生产速度比以前提高了，轮胎的产量与日俱增。 随着汽车工业的发展，轮胎技术一直不断地改进与提高，如20年代初至30年代中期轿车胎由低压轮胎过渡到超低压轮胎；40年代开始轮胎逐步向宽轮辋过渡；40年代末无内胎轮胎的出现；50年代末低断面轮胎问世等等。许多新技术的出现都莫过于1948年法国米西林公司首创的子午线结构轮胎，这种轮胎由于使用寿命和使用性能的显著提高，特别是在行驶中可以节省燃料，而被誉为轮胎工业的革命，在这里简略介绍一下当今发展的主要几种轮胎特征。 子午线轮胎：这种轮胎的特点是帘布层帘线排列的方向与轮胎的子午断面一致(即胎冠角为零度)，由于帘线的这样排列，使帝线的强度能得到充分利用，子午线轮胎的帘布层数一般比普通的斜线胎约可减少40—50％。帘线在圆周方向只靠橡胶来联系。 子午线轮胎与普通斜线胎相比，具有弹性大，耐磨性好，可使轮胎使用寿命提高30—50％，滚动阻力小，可降低汽车油耗8％左右，附着性能好，缓冲性能好，承载能力大，不易穿刺等优点。缺点是：胎侧易裂口，由于侧面变形大，导致汽车侧向稳定性差，制造技术要求及成本高。 无内胎轮胎：无内胎轮胎与一般的轮胎不同之处在于没有内胎，空气直接压入外胎中，因此轮胎与轮辋间需有很好的密封。 无内胎轮胎在外观上和结构上与有内胎轮胎近似，所不同的是无内胎轮胎内壁上附加了一层厚约2—3mm的专门用来封气的橡胶密封层，它是用硫化的方法粘附上去的，当轮胎穿孔后，由于其本身处于压缩状态而紧裹着穿刺物，故能长期不漏气，即使将穿刺物拔出，也能暂时保持胎内气压。 无内胎轮胎胎圈上有若干道同心的环形槽，在胎内气压作用下，槽纹能可靠地使胎圈压紧在轮辋边缘上保证密封。安装无内胎轮胎的轮辋是不漏气的，它有着倾斜的底部和平匀的漆层。气门嘴直按固定在轮辋上，其间垫以密封用的橡胶衬垫。 无内胎轮胎有气密性好，散热好，结构简单，质量轻等优点。缺点是途中修理较为困难。宽断面轮汽车轮胎胎：随着汽车车速的提高，要求降低整车重心，改善操纵性能，这就要求提高轮胎的侧向稳定性和对路面的附着性能，以确保高速状态下的行车安全，这样低断面轮胎的出现就成为必然趋势。轮胎的断面高(H)与断面宽(B)的比值(H／B)是代表轮胎结构特征的重要参数，称之为轮胎的高宽比，也有人称之为扁平比。从上世纪20年代开始，轿车轮胎的外径减小了25％，轮辋直径减小了35％，轮胎和轮辋的宽度增加了将近一倍，轮胎的高宽比不断减小，轿车达0．5，赛车达0．4，特别是宽宽的轮胎与高级轿车匹配，更为美观大方。 汽车轮胎生产发展的历史表明，前50年主要是解决如何提高轮胎的使用寿命问题，近年来，由于汽车制造和交通运输部门对轮胎的要求日益苛刻，轮胎研究的重点转到轮胎行驶性能、安全性能、舒适性能和经济性能上来，总之，轮胎的发展总趋势是“三化”，即子午线化、无内胎化、低断面化。目前，轿车轮胎已实现了这“三化”，货车轮胎正在向这个方面发展。
Car tire is one of the important parts, which contacts directly with the road, and vehicle suspension work together to ease the car driving by when the impact of car tires to ensure good ride comfort and ride comfort; to ensure the wheel and road good adhesion, to improve vehicle traction, braking and passing ability; bear the weight of the car, tire in the car on the important role played by more and more attention. Long before the tire is made of wood, iron and other materials, the first hollow wheel is the 1845 British inventor Robert Thomson, and his flexible bag filled with compressed air in order to ease the movement of the vibration and shock. Although at the time of the tire is made of canvas with leather and glue, however, have shown that tire rolling resistance benefits. According to this theory, John Dunlop in 1888 made of hollow rubber tires, and then Thomas has created a hollow with a rubber tire valve switch, a pity because there is no inner canvas, can not maintain a certain cross sectional shape and cross section width . With the emergence of motor vehicles in 1895, the development of pneumatic tires widely, the first tire sample is emerging in France in 1895, which is made by the plain canvas of single-tube tires, although no pattern tread . Until 1908 to 1912, the tires have a significant change, that is, tread on the pattern has been to improve performance, thus opening up the history of the tire tread, and increase the tire section width, allowing a lower The internal pressure in order to guarantee access to good cushioning. 1892 British invented the cord Burley Mill, 1910 for the production, this achievement addition to improving the quality of the tire to expand the variety of tires, but also to tire with the possibility of molding. With the improvement of the quality requirements of the tire, improved quality cord, cotton cord replaced by the artificial silk, rayon late 50's strong performance has been better, higher heat resistance of nylon, polyester cord replaced, and With the radial tire steel cord of development, and highly competitive. 1904, Matt created a carbon black reinforced rubber, large-scale reinforced tread compound for use in tire cord after because before this, canvas than the damaged tread in the tire much quicker, carbon black the amount of compound growth soon, 30 years of raw rubber per 100 parts of carbon black used in 20, but also about this time mainly in the tread on the use of carbon black, matrix do not, and now has reached 50 or more. Mixed with carbon black before the tread of the tire running only about 6000km on the finish, and mixed with carbon black, the tire mileage soon be significantly improved. Now a group of truck tires can run about 100 000 km, in good roads, and even up to 200 000 km. 1913-1926, the invention of the cord and carbon black for tire technology, tire laid the foundation for industrial development. Standardization of the outer edge of the tire, tire manufacturing process of the system gradually improved, production increased faster than before, increasing the output of tires. With the development of auto industry, tire technology has been constantly improving and improving, such as 20 in the early to mid 30 tire passenger car tire by the transition to ultra low-voltage low tire; of 40 years and gradually began to tire rim to the width of the transition; 40 late Tubeless The emergence of the tire; 50 low profile tires came late and so on. Many new technologies are none other than the French in 1948, Mixi Lin pioneered the radial structure of the tire, this tire life and performance as a significant increase, especially in driving can save fuel, while hailed as a revolutionary tire industry , a brief introduction about the current development of the main features of several tires. Radial Tire: The tire is characterized ply tire cord arranged in the direction of the radial cross section with the same (that is, fetal crown angle of zero), such as cord arrangement, so that the strength of God line to get full use of radial tires The cord layers generally higher than normal slash tires about 40-50% can be reduced. Cord in the circumferential direction to contact the rubber alone. Radial tires compared to ordinary slash tires, great elasticity, abrasion resistance, can increase 30-50% tire life, rolling resistance, it can reduce vehicle fuel consumption and 8%, good adhesion, good cushioning properties, carrying capacity, the advantages of easy to puncture. Disadvantages are: sidewall easy to rip, as the side distortion, leading to poor vehicle lateral stability, manufacturing requirements and costs. Tubeless tire: tubeless tires and tire general difference is that there is no inner tube, air pressure directly into the tire, so tire and rim between the need to have a good seal. Tubeless tire in appearance and structure of the tire with a tube approximation, the difference is that tubeless tires attached to the inner walls of 2-3mm thick layer of special rubber seal used to seal gas layer, which is curing methods adhesion up, when the tire perforation, due to compression of its own in the state of Jin Guo a puncture things, so that the long term do not leak, even if the puncture object pulled out, can temporarily maintain the air pressure inside the tire. Tubeless tire on a number of Road concentric ring groove in the tire under internal pressure, grooves can be reliably pressed to bead the edge of the rim to ensure sealing. Installed tubeless tire rim is not leak, it has tilted the bottom of the peaceful absorption of paint. Valve fixed directly on the rim, during which sealed with a rubber mat liner. Tubeless tires have good air tightness, heat a good, simple structure, light weight and so on. Is more difficult way to fix shortcomings. Wheel car tire section width: With the increase in vehicle speed, to lower vehicle center of gravity, improving handling performance, which requires to improve stability and lateral tire adhesion on the road to ensure traffic safety under high speed, The emergence of such low profile tires, has become an inevitable trend. Tire cross section (H) and section width (B) ratio (H / B) represents the tire structure, an important parameter, called the aspect ratio tire, which was also described than flat. From the last century 20's, car tires outside diameter decreased by 25%, reducing the rim diameter of 35%, tires and rims, nearly doubling the width of the tire aspect ratio continuously decreased, cars up to 0. 5, racing up to 0.4, in particular The wide tires and high-level car matches the more beautiful. Car tire production history of the development shows that the first 50 years mainly to resolve the issue of how to improve the life of the tire, in recent years, automotive and transportation sector increasingly demanding on the tires, tire to tire of the key driving performance, safety performance, comfort and economic performance up, in short, the general trend of development of the tire is "three", that is, of Meridian, tubeless, low profile technology. At present, the car tire has achieved this "c" and truck tires are to development in this area.
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交通安全小知识
1、安全横过道路
上学、放学和外出活动，我们几乎天天要在道路上行走。走路要保证安全，这里面的学问可多着呢！有不少行人，因为没有掌握好安全横过道路的要领，结果丧身与汽车轮子底下。
横过道路时，要选择有人行横道的地方。这是行人享有“先行权”的安全地带。在这个地带，机动车的行驶速度一般都要减慢，驾驶员也比较注意行人的动态。在没划有人行横道的地方横过道路，要特别注意避让来往的车辆。避让车辆最简单的方法是：先看左边是否有来车，没有来车才走入车行道；再看右边是否有来车，没有来车时就可以安全横过道路了。
横过道路不走人行横道，随便乱穿，或者在汽车已经临近时急匆匆过道路，都是十分危险的举动。
2、乘车
乘坐公共车辆，应该遵守公共秩序，讲究社会公德，注意交通安全。
候车时，应依次排队，站在道路边或站台上等候，不应拥挤在车行道上，更不准站在道路中间拦车。上车时，应等汽车靠站停稳，先让车上的乘客下完车，再按次序上车，不能争先恐后。上车后，应主动买票，主动让座给老人、病人、残疾人、孕妇或怀抱婴儿的乘客。车辆行驶时，要拉住扶手，头、手不能伸出车窗外，以免被来往车辆碰擦。下车时，要依次而行，不要硬推硬挤。下车后，应随即走上人行道。需要横过车行道的，应从人行道内通过；千万不能在车前车尾急穿，这样很不安全。
3、道路不是游戏场
道路是为了交通的便利而建造的。道路上车辆川流不息。交通十分繁忙，如果我们随意地在道路上玩耍、游戏、追逐，把它当作“游戏场”，放学以后在道路拉开“场子”踢足球、打羽毛球，既妨碍车辆的通行又会被车辆撞伤，是不允许的。在人行道上跳“橡皮筋”、跳绳、踢毽子，会给行人的通行带来困难，是妨碍交通的。在道路上追追打打，车前车后乱穿，甚至相互扔石子，这就更容易出事故了，另外一些同学，因为不懂得在道路上玩耍的危害性，甚至在道路中间拦车、追车、扒车和向汽车投掷石块，以此为乐，这是最最危险的举动，一旦被车撞倒，后果不堪设想。
道路不是游戏场所，不能在道路上玩耍。我们要互相提醒，大胆劝阻，当一名维护交通安全的“宣传员”。
4、避让转弯车辆
当汽车的方向灯一闪一闪时，告戒人们，汽车要转弯了。我们应该注意避让转弯车辆。
现代汽车的转向，都是依靠前轮来转向的。随着前轮的转动，汽车车身也逐渐改变方向。汽车转弯时所占用的空间往往大于车辆固有的宽度。前轮行驶的轨迹不与后轮的轨迹重合，也就是说，前后两只轮子不会走在同一条弧线上，而是有一定距离差别的。这就是汽车转弯的“内轮差”。由于这种“内轮差”，使汽车转弯时，前轮可以通过道路的某一物体，而后轮却不能通过。
懂得了汽车转弯的基本原理后，我们在道路上碰见转弯的车辆时，不能靠车辆太近，不要以为汽车的车头可以过去，就没有事情了。其实如果你离转弯汽车太靠近，就很可能被车尾撞倒。
5、骑自行车常识
我国十世界上拥有自行车最多的国家，十世界公认的“自行车王国”。
自行车轻巧灵活，车速自便，维修简单，并且不使用燃料，无废气污染，无噪声，因此特别受人青睐。但是，自行车靠骑车人用双脚踩动踏板，由链条来带动后轮向前滚动，在行进时要用双手握住车把来掌握重心，控制方向。所以稳定性差，安全性差。一碰即倒，一倒人就伤。
从保证交通安全出发，《中华人民共和国道路交通管理条例》明文规定，未满十二岁的儿童不准在道路上骑自行车。而当你已经达到法定的骑车年龄，准备骑车时，则必须认真地学一学有关骑自行车的规定，要掌握骑自行车的基本要领。
自行车首先应该保持机件完好，安全设施齐全，牌、证齐全。出发之前，应该先检查一下铃、锁、刹车、车轮、踏脚、链条、撑脚、坐垫等是否完好有效。
学骑自行车时，应选择人车稀少的道路或广场、操场。禁止在交通繁忙地段学骑自行车。
当你已经掌握骑车技术，可以单独骑车时，你还应该掌握一下几条骑车规范：
一是，在非机动车车道内顺序行驶，严禁驶入机动车道。在没有划分非机动车道和机动车道的道路上行驶，应尽量靠右边行驶，不能骑车在道路中间，不要数车并行，逆向行驶。
二是，骑车至路口，应主动地让机动车先行。遇红灯停止信号时，应停在停止线或人行横道线以内。严禁用推行或绕行的方法闯越红灯。
三是，骑车转变时，要伸手示意。左转弯时伸出左手示意；同时要选择前后暂无来往车辆时转弯，切不可在机动车驶近时急转猛拐，争道抢行；也不要弯小转。
四是，自行车在道路上停放，应按交通标志指定的地点和范围有秩序地停放；在不设置交通标志的支路上停放也不要影响车辆、行人的正常通行。
五是，骑自行车载物，长度不能超过车身，宽度不能超出车把宽度，高度不能超过骑车人的双肩。骑自行车在市区道路上不准带人。
六是，骑自行车不准在道路上互相追逐、曲折竞驶、扶身并行。
七是，不准一手扶把，一手撑伞骑车。撑伞时，要下车推行。
骑自行车的安全问题是个大问题，在各类交通事故种，自行车事故要占总事故的一半以上。自行车给人们的交通带来了便利，自行车同时也给人们带来了不幸。为此，我们应该严格遵守骑车规范，避免成为自行车的“牺牲品”。
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