钢琴上的发展历史(主要经过哪几个时期)
几个月或几年(最少有几天?)
推荐回答(3个)
钢琴( piano )一直被誉为是西方乐器王国中一顶瑰丽的皇冠,钢琴从它问世,发展到现代钢琴的结构,经历了五百多年的历史。五百多年钢琴结构的演变历史,经历了几个重要的阶段。十六世纪以前的击弦古钢琴,这就是历史上说的德西马琴,克拉维卡古钢琴等。当时的琴弦装配于纵面方面,开始几乎为同等长度。伦敦的博物馆中还藏有这种老式的克拉维卡古钢琴 , 音域为 21/2 个八度音程,只有二十到三十个琴键。十六世纪后钢琴结构出现了重要进化,产生了羽管架式的键盘钢琴。十八世纪初钢琴的内在结构又发生了重大的演变,这就是槌击钢琴的问世,把敲击琴弦的木槌与键盘连结成一体 , 初步形成了现代意义上的键盘钢琴。
钢琴结构演变进化的历史,钢琴制造工艺与技术的发展历史同西方音乐的发展史,同文艺复兴后的巴洛克音乐 ﹑古典派音乐﹑浪漫主义音乐发展的历史 ,与同一时期诞生的许许多多音乐家杰出的贡献有着非常密切的联系。所以,钢琴结构的演变历史与钢琴制造发展的历史,孵化了一大批历史上永远也不会磨灭的西方杰出的钢琴家,或者从另一个侧面也可以说,十六世纪文艺复兴后的西方音乐的快速发展,极大地推动了钢琴结构的演变与钢琴制造技术的发展。钢琴制造工业在近代,成了西方少数几个成熟工业种类之一。
十六世纪以前的古钢琴,历史上很少有记载。有人估计可能在十二至十四世纪就已经有了克拉维卡的古钢琴。真正有记载起始于十六世纪。当时的结构非常粗劣,为一个封闭的薄木盒,长方形,无琴架。琴弦为普通的铜丝与钢丝,低音部分为铜丝,高音部分为钢丝。开始时几乎同等长度。用木槌敲击琴弦。起初没有琴桥,后来逐步演变成有琴桥的多弦琴。由于历史上记载很少,又没有相应的图片资料,而且使用这种古钢琴的人也非常少。但,正是这种古钢琴,成了现代钢琴的源头和雏形。
意大利文艺复兴,首先在文学 ﹑绘画﹑建筑等领域内 ,稍迟一些在音乐领域内。文艺复兴时期的音乐主要是教堂音乐,而声乐又支配着教堂音乐,器乐的音乐形式还很不时兴。一直到巴洛克时期出现了以巴洛克建筑命名的巴洛克音乐。巴洛克音乐讲究辉煌的效果,华丽的装饰。巴洛克音乐的节奏感特别强烈 ﹑活跃﹑持续和反复 。
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