推荐回答(5个)
神经元在受电刺激时诱发AP(action potential),依次由局部电位、锋电位和后电位三部分组成。锋电位是AP的特征部分,通常说的AP主要指这一部分。
锋电位包括从局部电位基础上迅速去极化的上升分支,即去极化相,并超过零电位而发生膜电位的翻转,即反极化相或超射,随后膜电位迅速复极化形成下降分支,即复极化相。
锋电位(spike potential)在刺激后几乎立即出现,潜伏期不超过0.06毫秒。其幅度为静息电位与超射值之和,并服从全或无定律和非递减性传导。

扩展资料:
峰电位总是伴随着冲动出现,两者具有相同的阈值、相同的传导速度,并可在一些因素的作用下同时被阻断。
峰电位持续时间约0.5毫秒,在此期内,神经纤维不再对第二个刺激发生反应,即处于绝对不应期。根据离子学说,此时Na+通道处于被激活后的暂时失活状态,不可能发生进一步的Na+内流;
从而保证了它作为一个独立信息单位而不受干扰。以骨骼肌细胞为例,它由上升支和下升支组成,两者形成夹峰状的电位变化成为锋电位。
动作电位(action potential)可兴奋组织在兴奋时所产生的生物电活动。如在用纤维内的电级记录静息电位的同时,在纤维的另一端给予电刺激,经过极短时间的潜伏期约0.06毫秒(ms)后,记录电极部位就会在静息电位的基础上,出现一个快速的生物电变化,历时约1毫秒。包括一个极陡峭的上升相和一个较缓慢的下降相。上升相表现为先是膜电位由原来的静息水平(—45毫伏)迅速减小,原先的极化状态消失,称为去极化(或称除极化 depolariza-tion),继而导致膜极性倒转,变成膜内为正(+40毫伏)的相反极化状态,称为反极化。极性倒转的部分(即由膜电位零到+40毫伏)称为超射(overshoot)。整个上升相达85毫伏,等于静息电位的绝对值与超射的总和。然后为下降相,膜电位逐渐恢复到原先的静息电位水平,称为复极化(repolarization)
动作电位的特点 全或无性质与传导性。全或无(all or none)性质;如刺激为阈下刺激,则引不起动作电位;而刺激一达到阈值,即引起动作电位,而动作电位一经引起,其幅度就达到最大值,即使刺激强度继续增加,动作电位也不再增大。传导性:动作电位一经产生就可在同一细胞范围内沿细胞膜传到远处,而且电位幅度不会随传导距离增加而衰减,即非递减性传导。
动作电位的全过程 动作电位全过程包括锋电位和后电位两大部分。(1)锋电位(spike potential):在刺激后几乎立即出现,潜伏期不超过0.06毫秒。其幅度为静息电位与超射值之和,并服从全或无定律和非递减性传导。锋电位总是伴随着冲动出现,两者具有相同的阈值、相同的传导速度,并可在一些因素的作用下同时被阻断。锋电位持续时间约0.5毫秒,在此期内,神经纤维不再对第二个刺激发生反应,即处于绝对不应期。根据离子学说,此时Na+通道处于被激活后的暂时失活状态,不可能发生进一步的Na+内流,从而保证了它作为一个独立信息单位而不受干扰。(2)后电位(after potential):锋电位过后即为历时较长的后电位:先为负后电位,历时约15毫秒,其幅度约为锋电位的5~6%,前半期与兴奋后兴奋性变化周期中的相对不应期相当,其机制同Na+通道仅部分地恢复有关;后半期大致和超常期相对应,此时膜处于部分去极化状态。正后电位(positive after potential)持续60~80毫秒,其幅度仅为锋电位的0.2%,正后电位与低常期同时出现,可能是由于膜在复极化过程中,膜外阳离子暂时性积聚造成的轻度超极化所致。
在复极初期,仅出现部分复极,膜内电位由+30mV迅速下降到0mV左右,故1期又称为快速复极初期,占时约10ms。0期除极和1期复极这两个时期的膜电位的变化速度都很快,记录图形上表现为尖锋状,故在心肌细胞习惯上常把这两部分合称为锋电位。
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