推荐回答（1个）
判断是否存在结核感染的重要指标之一是PPD试验。
结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物（TB—PPD）试验，是诊断结核感染的常用参考指标，与旧结核菌素相比，TB—PPD具有纯度高、灵敏度高、全身反应较少等优点。所以，在临床上诊断结核性疾病时，它是除结核菌检查、影像学检查外最常用的检查手段。随着结核病发病率的增高，TB—PPD试验近几年来越来越普遍应用于结核性疾病的诊断，但在判断PPD试验结果及临床意义时，由于医务人员的知识欠缺及患者不正确的理解，患者得不到合理的解释和指导，甚至影响疾病诊断转归的现象也很常见。现将TB—PPD试验的判断标准及临床意义简述如下。
实验方法：严格按照无菌操作程序进行。采用Mantoux法。选用1ml容量的兰芯注射器，4－5号针头，不宜太长，前臂掌侧中下1/3处为最佳（此处皮肤薄嫩，反应敏感易观察）。避开疤痕，血管和皱褶。用75%酒精消毒局部皮肤，以皮内注射法将PPD 0.1ml(含5个结素单位)缓慢注入，注射深度要合适，剂量准确时局部可出现7－8mm大小的圆形橘皮样皮丘(有毛孔出现)，不要在注射部位按压揉搓和肥皂刺激，72小时内禁止洗澡，洗脸时尽量避开注射部位，尽可能避免用激素类的药物，如果有其它反应请到有关医院检查处理。
注射后48与72小时观察结果，用卡尺测量硬结纵横直径，硬结平均直径=(纵径+横径)/2。
判断标准：硬结平均直径如小于5mm为阴性，大于等于5mm小于20mm为阳性反应[5～9mm为弱阳性(+)，10～19mm为阳性(++)]，20mm以上(+++)或局部有水疱、坏死、淋巴管炎均为强阳性。与旧结核菌素一样，TB—PPD试验除引起局部反应外，偶可引起全身反应，但较前者少见。
TB—PPD试验的临床意义：
（1）婴幼儿：常用于卡介苗接种的选择和监测。阳性时常表示已感染结核菌并产生抗体而不需要接种卡介苗；阴性时则应该及时接种卡介苗。未接种卡介苗的儿童，如果皮试呈强阳性时常表示体内有活动性结核灶，应及时进行结核菌检查、影像学检查、血沉等检查以确定诊断和治疗。
（2）成年人：因我国城镇中人口密集区成年居民的结核感染率很高，所以，如果PPD5单位试验阳性，仅表示有结核感染，并不一定患病；但呈强阳性时，常提示有活动性结核灶。因此，TB—PPD试验在诊断成人结核性疾病时诊断价值受限。
另外，在临床上有感染结核的确切依据而患者PPD试验却阴性，这种情况常见于以下疾病：初次感染结核菌4～8周以内、重度营养不良、恶性肿瘤、机体免疫缺陷性疾病（先天性免疫缺陷症、艾滋病）、免疫抑制剂使用者等，个别老年人因机体变态反应功能低下也常呈阴性反应。
72小时后阴性反应及一般阳性反应(皮丘>5mm不超过10mm)者可恢复正常生活。强阳性可在医生的指导下给预防性治疗。如局部有水泡要注意保护创面，必要时用纱布覆盖。
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