推荐回答(2个)
内容预览:对于在文言文方面刚起步的初一学生而言,积累和归纳是最重要的学习方法,下面就三个方面对第一册的文言文作简单的总结。一、文言虚词第一册的文言虚词主要掌握以下五个即可之其而于以1.“之”的用法和意义大致有:①用作代词,它(它们)、他(他们)、她(她们),所指代的人或物因具体情境而变化。②用作结构助词,的;用作结构助词,用在主谓之间,取消句子独立性,无实义;用在时间副词之后,辅助音节,没有实义。③用作动词到、去。从“之”的三种词性及功能来看,可归纳出如下口诀:之字用法辨仔细,词性三类要熟记。一作代词用途广,代人代事代自己。二作助词最复杂,十有八九不翻译。结构助词译作“的”,宾语前置作标志。后置定语作标志,这种用法可不译。主谓之间无实义,凑足音节表语气。三作动词好处理,译作“到、往”最相宜。请指出下列各句中“之”的意义。①见藐小之物必细察其纹理()②知之为知之()③心之所向()④人皆吊之()⑤学而时习之()⑥邑八景之一也()⑦使之冲烟而飞鸣()⑧鞭数十,驱之别院()2.“其”的用法大致有:①用作代词,它(它们)的、他(他们)的、她(她们)的;自己的,所指代的人或物因具体情境而变化。②用作副词,其中③用作语气词,表反问语气,难道;表推测语气,恐怕,大概。请指出下列各句中“其”的意义。①见藐小之物必细察其纹理()②其邻人之父亦云()③星汉灿烂,若出其中()④蹲其身,使与台齐()⑤子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施于人。”()⑥择其善者而从之()⑦又其上,则黯然缥缈()3.“而”的用法大致有:“而”一般在句中作连词用,可表示并列、递进、承接(顺接)、转折、修饰等关系。请指出下列各句中“而”的用法或意义。①使之冲烟而飞鸣()②舌一吐而二虫尽为所吞表承接③人不知而不愠()④温故而知新表承接⑤学而不思则罔()⑥而楼上人往来屑屑表并列⑦相委而去()⑧暮而果大亡其财表承接4.“于”的用法大致有“于”在句中作介词,有“在”“向”“到”“从”“对”“比”“由于”“被”“给”等意思。请指出下列各句中“于”的意义。①私拟作群鹤舞于空中()②余常于土墙凹凸处()③子又留蚊于素帐中()④子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施于人。”()5.“以”的用法大致有:①用作介词,表动作行为的方式,有“拿”“用”“把”“从”“凭借”“”“因为”等意思。②作连词用,表目的,有“来”的意思;表结果,有“以致”的意思。请指出下列各句中“于”的意义。①徐喷以烟()②以丛草为林()③以观沧海()④独以跛之故()二、文言实词文言实词主要从下面三个特殊而又重要的方面来总结1.通假字①知之为知之,是知也()②昂首观之,项为之强()③学而时习之,不亦说乎?()④数至八层,裁如星点()⑤由,诲女知之乎()⑥尊君在不()2.一词多义①故时有物外之趣故:()②温故而知新故:()③马无故亡而入胡故:()④故又名“鬼市”云故:()⑤作青云白鹤观观:()⑥昂首观之观:()⑦以观沧海观:()⑧暮而果大亡其财亡:()⑨马无故亡而和胡亡:()⑩能张目对日日:()○11吾日三省吾身日:()3.古今异义①可以为师矣古:()今义:()②相委而去古:()今义:()三、第一册文言文中出现的成语有:怡然称快庞然大物夏蚊成雷明察秋毫不亦乐乎不耻下问三人行,必有我师温故知新思而不学则怠择善而从见贤思齐己所不欲,无施于人任重道远智子疑邻塞翁失马死而后已松柏后凋参考答案一、文言虚词1.①的②它(指道理)③无实义④他(指塞上之人)⑤它(指学过的知识)⑥表修饰关系⑦它们(指蚊子)⑧它(指癞虾蟆)2.①它的(所观察之物)②他的③它(指沧海)④自己的⑤大概,也许⑥他⑦它的(指楼)3.①表并列②表承接③表转折④表承接⑤表转折⑥表并列⑦表承接⑧表承接4.①在②在③在④给5.①用②把③来④因为。二、文言实词1.①知通智②强通僵③说通乐④裁通才⑤女通汝⑥不通否2.①因此②旧的(知识)③原因④因此⑤景象⑥看⑦观赏⑧丢失⑨逃跑⑩太阳○11每天3.①古:可以凭借。今义:表可能或能够②古:离开。今义:前往某地。
1.出处:选自《资治通鉴》
2.作者:北宋史学家、文学家司马迁,字君实,世称涑水先生.
3.文学影响:司马迁主持编写的《资治通鉴》是我国第一部重要的编年体通史,共294卷,记述了公元前403年(战国时期)至公元959年(五代时期)共1362年的史实.全书内容以政治军事为主,略讲经济、文化,长于描写战争.《赤壁之战》《淝水之战》等都是本书描写战争的代表作.这里“资”是“帮助”;“治”是治理;“通”是“通史”;“鉴”是“借鉴”;整个书名的意思是:以历史上的得失为鉴戒来帮助加强政治.
4.字词句:
A.词义:
⑴.古今异义:
①.但,古义为只,eg:但当涉猎;今为转折连词.
②.治,古义为研究,eg:孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪!今为治理.
③.博士,古义为官职,eg:孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪!今为学位.
⑵.一词多义:
①.以:a.用,eg:以军中多务;b.与“为”译为“认为”,eg:自以为大有所益.
②.当:a.掌管,eg:当除掌事;b.应当,eg:但当涉猎.
③.见:a.知道,eg:见往事耳(了解历史罢了.);b.认清,识别,eg:大兄何见事之晚乎!;动词,看见,见渔人,乃大惊.
④.若:a.动词,比得上,eg:孰若孤;b.介词,好象,eg:仿佛若有光.
⑤.之:a.助词,取消句子的独立性,不译,eg:大兄何见事之晚乎?b.助词,的,eg:于厅事之东北角.
⑶.重点词语翻译:
①.当涂:当道,当权.②.辞:推托.③.及鲁肃过寻阳:及,到了…的时候.
④.才略:政治或军事方面的才干和谋略.⑤.涉猎:粗略地阅读.
⑥.刮目相看:另眼相看,用新的眼光看待.刮目,擦擦眼.⑥.更:更新.
⑶.成语
①.吴下阿蒙:比喻学识尚浅.
②.刮目相看:用新的眼光看待.
C.特殊句式及重点句子翻译:
①.倒装句:大兄何见事之晚乎!(“何见事”应“见事何”,疑问句宾语前置.)
老兄你为什么看事情的变化这么晚呢?
②.省略句:肃遂拜蒙母.(“拜”后省略介词“于”.)
鲁肃于是拜见了吕蒙的母亲.
③.孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪:我难道是想让你钻研经史典籍而成为博士吗?
④.但当涉猎,见往事耳:只不过应当广泛地学习知识,懂得过去的教训罢了.
D.备注:本文以对话为主,语言形象,使人感受到人物说话是的口吻、神态和心理.详略得当.
一、重点字词
1.给下列加点字注音.卿qīng孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪yé 即更gēng刮目相待
点拨:“邪”“更”是多音宇,可根据字义推
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