推荐回答(1个)
一、漂珠的形成机理 燃煤电厂多将煤炭磨成煤粉,送入炉膛让其悬浮燃烧。煤的可燃成分(炭和有机物)大部分燃烧,而粘土质不可燃成分(硅、铝、铁、镁等)在炉膛摄氏1300度的高温下开始熔融,形成石英玻璃和莫来石多孔共生体,其孔内充满气体。当炉温达到摄氏1400度时,熔融体颗粒表面张力会使表面能降到最低值,棱角摆脱表面能而收缩,熔融颗粒会飘浮滚动形成球体。这时,多孔体内的气体如CO、CO2、N2、H2等被包裹在球内。 当炉温继续升高时,玻璃球体内的气体膨胀,使球体增大,外壳变薄,形成中空球体。当中空球体离开炉膛,急速冷却后,就变成了坚硬外壳的玻璃微珠。这些玻璃微珠,因壁厚及轻重不同,可分为两类。 其中一类是薄壁中空球体(壁厚为直径的十分之一),因可漂水上,就称为“漂珠”。另一类是壁厚中空球体(壁厚为直径的三分之一)和实心球体,因较重而沉于水底,故称“沉珠”,含铁量高的称为“磁珠”。 漂珠在粉煤灰中含量甚微,一般仅为0.2-0.5%,少数可达1%,沉珠量很大,约为粉煤灰的30-70%。漂珠的产量和质量,跟煤种、煤的细度、锅炉负荷、燃烧状况等因素有关。各电厂之间、一个电厂不同锅炉之间、一个锅炉不同时间,均有极大差别。一般发热量高、含硫量低的烟煤,漂珠量多:无烟煤漂珠少,褐煤漂珠极少甚至无漂珠。炉膛内温度低于摄氏1400度,很少形成漂珠:摄氏1400-1500度,形成漂珠多,摄氏1500度以上,形成的漂珠会爆裂成碎片。因此炉温过高或过低都会影响漂珠的形成。 燃煤电厂多将煤炭磨成煤粉,喷入发电锅炉的炉膛,让其悬浮燃烧。得到产物其中一类是薄壁中空球体(壁厚为直径的十分之一),因可漂水上,就称为“漂珠”。另一类是壁厚中空球体(壁厚为直径的三分之一)和实心球体,因较重而沉于水底,故称“沉珠”,含铁量高的称为“磁珠”。 漂珠的产量和质量,跟煤种、煤的细度、锅炉负荷、燃烧状况等因素有关。各电厂之间、一个电厂不同锅炉之间、一个锅炉不同时间,均有极大差别。一般发热量高、含硫量低的烟煤,漂珠量多:无烟煤漂珠少,褐煤漂珠极少甚至无漂珠。炉膛内温度低于摄氏1400度,很少形成漂珠:摄氏1400-1500度,形成漂珠多,摄氏1500度以上,形成的漂珠会爆裂成碎片。因此炉温过高或过低都会影响漂珠的形成. 二、漂珠的优异性能和用途 1.高耐火度:漂珠的主要化学成分为硅、铝的氧化物,其中二氧化硅约为50-65%,三氧化二铝约为25-35%。因为二氧化硅的溶点高达摄氏1725度,三氧化二铝的溶点为摄氏2050度,均为高耐火物质。因此,漂珠具有极高的耐火度,一般达摄氏1600-1700度,使其成为优异的高性能耐火材料。 2.质轻、保温隔热:漂珠壁薄中空,空腔内为半真空,只有极微量的气体(N2、H2及CO2等),热传导极慢极微。所以漂珠不但质轻(容重250-450公斤/m3),而且保温隔热优异(导热系数常温0.05-0.1),这为其在轻质保温隔热材料领域大显身手奠定了基础。 3.硬度大、强度高:由于漂珠是以硅铝氧化物矿物相(石英和莫来石)形成的坚硬玻璃体,硬度可达莫氏6-7级,静压强度高达70-140MPa,真密度2.10-2.20克/cm3,和岩石相当。因此,漂珠具有很高的强度。一般轻质多孔或中空材料如珍珠岩、沸岩、硅藻土、海浮石、膨胀蛭石等均是硬度差、强度差,用其制的保温隔热制品或轻质耐火制品,都有强度差的缺点。他们的短处恰恰是漂珠的长处,所以漂珠就更有竞争优势,用途更广。 4.粒度细,比表面积大:漂珠自然形成的粒度为1-250微米。比表面积300-360g/cm2,和水泥差不多。因此,漂珠不需粉磨,可直接使用。细度可满足各种制品的需要,其他轻质保温材料一般粒度都很大(如珍珠岩等),如果粉磨就会大幅度增加容量,使隔热性大大降低。在这方面,漂珠有优势。 5.电绝缘性优异:选去磁珠后的漂珠,是性能优异的绝缘材料,不导电。一般绝缘体的电阻均随温度的升高而降低,漂珠则相反,随温度的升高电阻增大。这一优点是其他绝缘材料都不具备的。
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